The hip, knee and ankle joints

Question 1

What are the functions of the knee joint?

Answer 1

To support BW, transmit forces between femur and tibia, and provide movement for locomotion

Question 2

What are the two joints of the knee?

Answer 2

The tibiofemoral joint and the patellofemoral joint

Question 3

What type of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?

Answer 3

Synovial bicondylar

Question 4

What distinguishes the condyles of the femur?

Answer 4

The lateral condyle’s articular surface profile is longer than the medial

Question 5

What distinguishes the condyles of the tibia?

Answer 5

The lateral condyle of the tibia is smaller and more circular

Question 6

How would you distinguish between the minisci?

Answer 6

The medial miniscus is a semicircle, whilst the lateral miniscus is 4/5 of a circle, and has a larger SA

Question 7

What are the functions of the minisci?

Answer 7

To increase congruence between articulating surfaces, assist weight-bearing, shock absorb, and facilitate accessory movements

Question 8

What are the names of the four major ligaments of the tibiofemoral joint?

Answer 8

Medial collateral ligament, lateral collateral ligament, anterior cruciate ligament, posterior cruciate ligament

Question 9

What type of ligament is the MCL?

Answer 9

Extracapsular, is a broad flat band

Question 10

What type of ligament is the LCL?

Answer 10

Extacapsular, is like a chord

Question 11

What does the MCL prevent?

Answer 11

Valgus displacement

Question 12

What does the LCL prevent?

Answer 12

Varus displacement

Question 13

What type of ligament are the ACL and PCL?

Answer 13

Intracapsular

Question 14

What does the ACL attach to?

Answer 14

Attaches from anterior intercondylar area to lateral femoral condyle

Question 15

What does the PCL attach to?

Answer 15

Attach from posterior intercondylar area to medial femoral condyle

Question 16

What does the ACL prevent?

Answer 16

Anterior tibial displacement

Question 17

What does the PCL prevent?

Answer 17

Posterior tibial displacement

Question 18

What type of joint is the patellofemoral joint?

Answer 18

Synovial, saddle

Question 19

What is the function of the patella?

Answer 19

Acts as an anatomic pulley, reduces friction between the quad tendon and femoral condyles

Question 20

How does the patella move with flexion and extension?

Answer 20

With flexion, moves distally. With extension, moves proximally.

Question 21

What are bursae?

Answer 21

Fluid-filled sacs which reduce friction, typically between skin and bone/ tendon and bone

Question 22

What is the major bursa of the knee joint?

Answer 22

The pre-patella bursa between the skin and knee-cap

Question 23

When is the knee is its close-packed position?

Answer 23

When knee is in full extension

Question 24

What is the close-packed position? (generally)

Answer 24

When tendons are tightest and there is maximum contact between bones

Question 25

What are the functions of the ankle/foot?

Answer 25

Act as a shock absorber, generate propulsion, adapt to uneven surface, and act as a base of support

Question 26

What are the arches the plantar vault are supported by?

Answer 26

The Medial, Lateral and Anterior transverse arches

Question 27

What are contact points of the plantar vault?

Answer 27

Head MT 1 + 5, calcaneal tuberosity

Question 28

What are the bones which the medial arch comprises of?

Answer 28

Calcaneus, talus, navicular, medial cuneiform, MT1

Question 29

What are the bones which the lateral arch comprises of ?

Answer 29

Calcaneus, cuboid, MT5

Question 30

What are the bones which the anterior transverse arch comprises of?

Answer 30

MT1-5

Question 31

Which is the most flexible arch?

Answer 31

Medial

Question 32

What is the flattest arch?

Answer 32

Anterior transverse

Question 33

Which arch(es) has ground contact?

Answer 33

Lateral and anterior transverse

Question 34

How are arches maintained? (general)

Answer 34

Wedge-shaped bones, a keystone at the top, and strong support

Question 35

What is the gait cycle of walking?

Answer 35

Heel strike, stance, heel off, toe off

Question 36

When are the arches raised most?

Answer 36

During heel strike

Question 37

When is the vault flattened?

Answer 37

During stance

Question 38

At what point is the foot a rigid lever between two force?

Answer 38

During heel off

Question 39

What is the Windlass mechanism?

Answer 39

When plantar fascia tightens to reinforce medial arch during extension of hallux

Question 40

At what point are the plantar tighteners not contracting?

Answer 40

During heel strike

Question 41

What are the joints of the foot?

Answer 41

The subtalar and transverse tarsal

Question 42

What is the subtalar joint?

Answer 42

Joint between talus and calcaneus, allowing movement of calcaneus

Question 43

What is the transverse tarsal joint?

Answer 43

The calcaneocuboid and talonavicular joints, allowing movements of the forefoot

Question 44

What movements are allowed at the foot/ankle?

Answer 44

Ab + adduction, dorsi- + plantarflexion, supination + pronation, inversion + eversion

Question 45

What is inversion?

Answer 45

Adduction, plantarflexion, supination. Both fore and hind foot do the same movement

Question 46

What is eversion?

Answer 46

Abduction, dorsiflexion, pronation. Both fore and hind foot do the same movement

Question 47

When weight shifts laterally, which actions do the joints do?

Answer 47

Joints do opposite movements. Hindfoot abucts, supinates, and dorsiflex. Forefoot does opposite.

Question 48

Name the ligaments of the hip

Answer 48

Iliofemoral, teres, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral

Question 49

How would one identify the iliofemoral ligament?

Answer 49

Attaches from ilium to femur, crosses anteriorly

Question 50

How would one identify the teres ligament?

Answer 50

Attaches from deep in acetabulum to depression in head of femur

Question 51

How would one identify the pubofemoral ligament?

Answer 51

Attaches from pubis to femur, crossing anteriomedially + inferiorly

Question 52

How would one identify the ischiofemoral ligament?

Answer 52

Attaches from ischium to trochanteric fossa of femur, crosses posteriorly, is triangular

Question 53

Which ligament limits hip hyperextension?

Answer 53

Iliofemoral

Question 54

Which ligament limits hip adduction?

Answer 54

Teres

Question 55

Which ligament limits hip extension + abduction?

Answer 55

Pubofemoral

Question 56

Which ligament limits internal rotation?

Answer 56

Ischiofemoral