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Psychology 3/4 > Consciousness > Flashcards

Consciousness Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Define consciousness

A

Consciousness is the awareness of our thoughts, feelings, behaviours and environments at any moment in time

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2
Q

What are the two states of consciousness

A

Normal waking consciousness

Altered state consciousness

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3
Q

what is normal waking consciousness

A

Normal waking consciousness is the awareness of our thought, feelings, behaviours and environment at any given moment in time. This includes internal and external events.

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4
Q

What is altered states of consciousness

A

Altered state of consciousness is any characteristically different state from normal waking consciousness in terms of thoughts, feelings and behaviours.

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5
Q

What is selective attention

A

The concentration of one specific task.

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6
Q

What is divided attention

A

Where attention is not focussed on one particular task, rather across a range of tasks.

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7
Q

What are the characteristics of consciousness

3 Cats Love P.E.T.S

A 
content limitations
Perceptual distortions 
Cognitive distortions 
Emotional awareness 
self - control 
time-orientation
level of awareness 
controlled and automatic processing
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8
Q

What is content limitations in ASC

A

content is fairly unlimited

lack of control over what we say

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9
Q

What is controlled and automatic processes

A
  • a task which requires selective attention and lots of concentration
  • a task which can be completed with divided attention
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10
Q

What is distortions of perception and coignition in ASC

A

.Perceptions may be dulled or heightened
sometimes so distorted some people lose their sense of identity

cognition illogical and fragmented
recall may be less accurate
memory impaired
thought rocesse less logical

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11
Q

What is disturbed sense of time/time orientations in ASC

A

Sense of time become distorted, time could be predicted as moving faster or slower

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12
Q

What is changes controlled and automatic processes in ASC

A

.Some drugs can stimulate awareness however it is usually less able to performed controlled and automatic processes. Usually less centric I’ve attention, which may be highly selective but less able to multitask

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13
Q

What is changed in emotional awareness in ASC

A

Emotional responses tend to be inappropriate (laugh at something sad) or it may be heightened, or dulled

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14
Q

What are the changes in self control in ASC

A

Self control is compromised, you may be asleep drunk or hypnotised. There is a greater susceptibility to suggestion

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15
Q

What are examples of altered states of consciousness

A 
sleep, 
day dreams
meditative state
alcohol
psychoactive drugs
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16
Q

What is day dreaming

A

A naturally occurring altered state of consciousness where there is a shift in awareness from external events to internal thoughts

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17
Q

What is induced states

A

.

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18
Q

What is hypothetical construct

A

A phenomena that is believed to exist but cannot be directly measured. It is the measurement of physiological responses: brainwaves, eye movements etc. Through these measures we can hypothesise what state of consciousness is experienced.

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19
Q

What is the conscious continuum

A

William James hypothesised the “steam of consciousness of ever changing and flowing”, and thus our level of consciousness can be placed on a continuum ranging from highly focussed to no thoughts, feeling or sensations at all.

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20
Q

What are the devices for measuring sleep

A

EEG - Electroencephalograph
EOG - Electro-oculargraph
EMG - Electromyograph

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21
Q

What is an EEG machine

A

A device that detects, amplifies and records electrical activity of the brain, in the form of brain waves.

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22
Q

What is an EOG machine

A

detects amplifies and records electrical activity of the muscles surrounding the eyes and are associated with eye movement

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23
Q

What is an EMG machine

A

detects amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles around the body

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24
Q

What are the order of brainwaves

A

beta
alpha
theta
delta

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25
Describe beta waves
high frequency, low amplitude (high brain activity)
26
Describe Alpha waves
medium-high frequency, medium-low amplitude (medium-high brain activity)
27
Describe theta waves
medium frequency, mixed amplitude (high medium and low) (medium brain activity)
28
Describe delta waves
Low frequency, high amplitude
29
What is amplitude in brainwaves
the height of the wave
30
What is frequency in brain waves
how often the waves occur
31
What are the different types of body rhythms
ultradian and circadian
32
What is circadian rhythms
an internal body clock which is located in the hypothalamus . It is a biological rhythms that occurs approximately once every 24 hours, for example, the sleep-wake cycle. melatonin and cortisol is controlled by this cycle.
33
What is an ultradian rhythm
a biological rhythm that is shorter than 24 hours, such as the NREM/REM sleep cycle
34
What is NREM sleep
Is one of the two phases of sleep characterised by little or no rapid eye movement, and often divided into four stages which are determined by their predominant brainwave patterns.
35
What percentage of the night are we in NREM sleep
80%
36
Describe stage 1 of NREM sleep
- transition from awake to sleep - enter a relaxed state known as a hypnogogic state - very light form of sleep, easily wakened
37
What is the name for the relaxed state we enter in stage 1 of NREM sleep
Hypnogogic state
38
What are special features of stage 1 of NREM sleep
Hypnogogic jerk
39
What is the duration of stage 1 of NREM sleep
5-10 minutes
40
What are the brainwaves of stage 1 of NREM sleep
Alpha
41
What are the characteristics of stage 2 of NREM sleep
Accounts for 50%. Fairly easy to be woken, but if we were woken we may not believe we were asleep. The eyes stop rolling in this sleep.
42
WHat is the duration of stage 2 of NREM sleep
10-20 minutes
43
What is the physiological response of stage 1 of NREM
eter hypnogogic state with hallucinatory images
44
What is the physiological response of stage 2 NREM
Eyes stop rolling heart rate slows Blood pressure slows Breathing slows
45
WHAT BRAINWAVES DO WE EXPERIENCE IN STAGE 2 OF NREM SLEEP
theta
46
What are the special features of stage 2 of NREM sleep
``` Sleep spindles (Burst high frequency) and K complexes (High amplitude ) ```
47
WHat are the characteristics of stage 3 of NREM sleep
Brief transition stage which marks the point of deep sleep. We become less responsive to external stimuli and we are more difficult to wake, if we do wake up however we feel very groggy.
48
What are the brainwaves involved in stage 3 of NREM sleep
theta (delta below 50%)
49
What are the special feature of stage 3 in NREM sleep
slow wave sleep
50
What is the duration of stage 3 NREM sleep
20 minutes
51
What is the physiological response of stage 3 NREM sleep
eyes do not move muscles relax heart rate, blood pressure and breathing slows
52
What are the characteristics of stage 4 NREM sleep
Deepest sleep and very difficult to wake up. Our conscious awareness is very low but we can still be sensitive to certain stimuli (baby crying, fire alarm).
53
What is the brain waves involved in stage 4 NREM sleep
delta
54
hat are the physiological responses involved in stage 4 NREM sleep
heart rate, blood pressure and breathing relax and regulate
55
What are the special features of stage 4 in NREM sleep
things happen that aren't in our conscious control, sleep walking, talking and bed wetting
56
After the first sleep cycle, what are the stage orders?
1,2,3,4,3,2,REM
57
Define REM sleep
one of two phases (REM and NREM) of sleep, characterised by rapid eye movement. Often called paradoxical sleep, there is no muscle activity but the brain is highly active. The first cycle lasts approximately 10 minutes, and it is a lighter form of sleep than stages 3&4 NREM.
58
What type of sleep does dreaming occur
REM
59
What is a K complex and a Sleep spindle
K complex - burst of high amplitude in brain wave activity during stage 2 NREM Sleep Spindle - Burt of high frequency during stage 2 NREM
60
What is a hypnogogic jerk
Involuntary muscle twitches during stage 1 of NREM sleep
61
What is sleep walking also called
somnambulism
62
What are the characteristics of REM sleep
repetitive burst of rapid eye movement paralysis/cataplexy paradoxical sleep (muscles no activity, brain high)
63
What is REM necessary for replenishing
brain
64
WHat is NREM sleep necessary for replenishing
body
65
What are the two theories regarding the purpose of sleep
Evolution | restorative
66
What is the restorative theory
The restorative theory suggests sleep replenishes our bodies and allows us to recharge depleted energy resources.
67
What is the supportive evidence of the restorative theory
- Marathon runners get more NREM sleep (up to 90%),higher promotion of sleep vs REM - sleep activates growth and increases immunity - cognitive decline occurs with sleep deprivation
68
WHat are the criticisms of the restorative theory
- those who are bed-ridden still experience same proportions of NREM when the brain is active when replenishing
69
What is the evolution theory of sleep
Suggests sleep is an evolutionary response to increase chances of survival. which adapts based on the demands of how much food we eat, energy requirements and safety when we sleep.
70
What is the supportive evidence for the evolution theory of sleep
- sleep conserves energy, so hibernation is important when food is scarce in the winter months - there is a sequential pattern that demonstrates that the energy requirements on animals and number of predators correlates with sleep requirements
71
What are the criticisms of the evolution theory
- while sleeping animals are vulnerable to predators and it does not explain why humans have so much sleep when we have little predators
72
Summarise sleep over the life SPAN
.
73
What is the percentage of REM vs NREM in children, adults, and old age
.
74
What are the characteristics f sleep when we get older
very little REM sleep and larger proportion of NREM sleep
75
Why does sleep across the lifespan decrease
- Production of growth hormone occurs at night which is relative to the amount of sleep we need - Development of circadian rhythms, works on a 24 hour cycle relative to the amount of sleep we need - Distribution of NREM and REM sleep is relative to restorative theory
76
Define sleep deprivation
Being denied the necessary or desired hours of sleep. | may involve partial or total loss of sleep
77
What are the two types of sleep deprivation
total and partial
78
Define partial sleep deprivation
is experienced when a person does not get the amount of sleep they need (poor quality sleep) or are deprived of one particular stage of sleep. However there is some sleep in 24 hours.
79
WHat are the emotional effects of partial sleep deprivation
mood disturbances activities seem boring lack of motivation
80
WHat are the cognitive effects of PSD
``` Cognitive difficulties memory problems difficulties concentrating memory problems impaired creativity ```
81
What are the behavioural effects of PSD
Behavioural difficulties (slowed performance, clumsiness) Problems performing tasks fatigue
82
What are the physiological effects of PSD
``` slower reflexes tremours droopy eyelids headaches low energy ```
83
Define total sleep deprivation
going without sleep for a 24 hour period, for one or several nights
84
Who was Randy Gardener
17 year od student who went 11 days without sleep
85
What are the side effects of total sleep deprivation
can have serious effects and can lead to death | can cause psychosis
86
What are REM sleep deprivations
REM sleep is suggested to be more essential for psychological
87
What are the effects of REM sleep deprivation
.
88
What is NREM sleep deprivation
.
89
What is a microsleep
.
90
What are 4 sleep recovery patterns
.
91
What is the BAC equivalent to sleep deprivation
.
92
WHat is a circadian phase disorder
.
93
What causes circadian phase disorder
.
94
What can circadian phase disorder result in
.
95
What are lifestyle factors which effect the sleep wake cycle
.
96
What are genetic factors which effect the sleep wake cycle
.
97
How does jet lag effect the sleep wake cycle
.
98
How does adolescence effect the sleep wake cycle
.
99
What is sleep onset
.
100
WHat is treatment of circadian phase disorders
.
101
Define sleep disorder
.
102
What are the two types of sleep disorders
parasomnias and dysomnias
103
What is a dysomnia and examples
.
104
What is a parasomnia and examples
.
105
what is sleep onset insomnia
.
106
What is the cause of sleep-onset insomnia
.
107
How can sleep onset insomnia be treated
.
108
Define sleep walking
.
109
What are the causes
.
110
How can sleep walking be treated
.

Psychology 3/4 (8 decks)

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