UNIT 3 - How do people learn and remember SAC 2

Question 1

Define operant conditioning

Answer 1

Operant conditioning is a learning process in which the likelihood of a behaviour occurring is determined by the consequences of that behaviour

Question 2

What are two characteristics of operant conditioning

Answer 2

The learner is active

Form of voluntary learning

Question 3

What does operant mean in operant conditioning

Answer 3

An operant in a response that occurs and acts (operates) on the environment to produce some sort of effect

Question 4

What are the three phases of operant conditioning

Answer 4

Antecedent/discriminative stimulus
Behaviour/operant response
Consequence

Question 5

What is the antecedent / discriminative stimulus

Answer 5

The stimulus that occurs before the behaviour stage that triggers/initiates the operant response.

Question 6

What is behaviour stage of operant conditioning

Answer 6

Also known as operant response, is the voluntary response caused by the antecedent

Question 7

What is the consequence stage of operant conditioning

Answer 7

The result of the behaviour, which determines the likelihood of the behaviour occurring again. There are two forms of consequence, reinforcement or punishment.

Question 8

What are the two types of consequence

Answer 8

reinforcement

punishment

Question 9

What does positive and negative mean in the context of operant conditioning

Answer 9

Positive: Giving something (applying)
Negative: Taking something away (remove)

Question 10

What is reinforcement

Answer 10

When a desirable behaviour is encouraged with the view of strengthening it, thus increasing the likelihood of the behaviour occurring agin

Question 11

What is positive reinforcement and give an example

Answer 11

When something desirable is given to strengthen the likelihood of a response
e.g. if you do your homework you get a treat

Question 12

What is negative reinforcement and give an example

Answer 12

The removal of ab unpleasant/undesirable stimulus to strengthen the likelihood of a response
e.g. If you do your homework you don’t have to do your chores

Question 13

Define Punishment

Answer 13

When an undesirable behaviour is discouraged in an aim to weaken the likelihood of the behaviour

Question 14

what is punishment/positive punishment and give an example

Answer 14

When a n undesirable stimulus is given to weaken/decrease the likelihood of a behaviour occurring
e.g. yelling at child who has drawn on the bedroom walls

Question 15

What is an example of negative punishment/response cost

Answer 15

A form of punishment were something desirable is removed to weaken/decrease likelihood of a behaviour occurring
e.g.. Phone confiscated for misbehaving

Question 16

What is continuous reinforcement with an example

Answer 16

when the encouragement of a desired behaviour (reinforcement) occurs overtime a correct behaviour is performed
e.g.. get a lolly overtime you finish a question for homework

Question 17

What is continuous reinforcement essential for

Answer 17

essential for acquisition stage

Question 18

what is the weakness of continuous reinforcement

Answer 18

No effective for maintaining a maximal response rate that is long-term

Question 19

What is partial reinforcement

Answer 19

The encouragement of a desired behaviour (reinforcement) after some responses but not all

Question 20

When should partial reinforcement be used and why

Answer 20

After the acquisition stage, because this tends to create stronger responses that last long term

Question 21

Why does operant condition not work overtime?

Answer 21

Because it involves a CHOICE, and involves an active learner. Consequences guide but cannot control.

Question 22

What are the three factors that makes operant conditioning effective`

Answer 22

Order of operation
Timing
Appropriateness

Question 23

how does order of operation make OC effective

Answer 23

Consequence should always occur after behaviour to be effective

Question 24

how does timing make OC effective

Answer 24

Most effective when consequence occurs immediately after behaviour. This ensures there is a link between the behaviour and consequence

Question 25

How does appropriateness of reinforcement make operant conditioning effective

Answer 25

The reward must be valued, so they are motivated to behave correctly

Question 26

How does the appropriateness of punishment make operant conditioning effective

Answer 26

Must be fair, so there is weakening of behaviour instead of resentment against punisher

Question 27

what are the two factors involved in Operant conditioning?

Answer 27

Stimulus generalisations | stimulus discrimination

Question 28

What is stimulus generalisation is operant conditioning

Answer 28

where the same behaviour is elected as a result of a similar (but not necessarily the same) antecedent to the original.

Question 29

what are 2 examples of stimulus generalisation is OC

Answer 29

got praise for trying hard in one class, so you try hard in all your classes took parasol for a headache and it took the headache away, so you take parasol now for back pain and cramps

Question 30

What is stimulus discrimination

Answer 30

Where the behaviour is elected only from the same antecedent not similar ones

Question 31

What is acquisition in operant conditioning

Answer 31

the establishment of a response through reinforcement/consequnce. Here behaviour and consequence is linked.

Question 32

What is extinction in operant conditioning

Answer 32

The gradual decrease in the strength or rate of a learned response following consistent non-reinforcement of the behaviour

Question 33

What is spontaneous recovery in operant conditioning

Answer 33

can occur after apparent extinction/rest period and involves the learner once again showing the behaviour in absence of the consequence. The response however is usually weaker and only short-term.

Question 34

What is the social learning theory

Answer 34

focuses on learning which occurs through watching another person's actions and their consequences to guide future behaviour

Question 35

wat is observational learning

Answer 35

the means of acquiring social learning theory and modelling behaviour.

Question 36

What is modelling

Answer 36

When a person (model) is observed and then the observer demonstrates the learned behaviour

Question 37

When is observational learning most seen

Answer 37

In children

Question 38

is the learner active during observational learning

Answer 38

yes

Question 39

What are the 5 key processes of observational learning

Answer 39

``` attention retention reproduction motivation reinforcement ```

Question 40

What is attention

Answer 40

learner actively watches the model

Question 41

what is retention

Answer 41

cognitive aspect of OL as learner stores mental representation of learner. Memory must be stored to reproduce behaviour.

Question 42

What is reproduction

Answer 42

Learner has the mental and physical ability to perform the behaviour. They may not perform it t this time, but they must have the ability to convert mental representation into actions.

Question 43

what is motivation

Answer 43

learner must want to imitate learned behaviour. This depends on whether the learner believes the consequence is desirable

Question 44

What is reinforcement

Answer 44

if there is a prospect of a positive result to imitating the behaviour, it is likely the learner will do so.

Question 45

What are the two types of motivation

Answer 45

intrinsic | extrinsic

Question 46

what is intrinsic motivation

Answer 46

motivation comes from within the learner, such as a personal desire driven by emotions

Question 47

What is extrinsic motivation

Answer 47

motivation through environment, some form of reward offered

Question 48

what are the 3 types of reinforcement

Answer 48

Self-reinforcement external reinforcement vicarious reinforcement

Question 49

what is self-reinforcement

Answer 49

imitator receives satisfying consequences as a result of imitating models behaviour

Question 50

what is external-reinforcement

Answer 50

receiving praise from another, this may be from the model or a 'third person'

Question 51

what is vicarious reinforcement

Answer 51

positive consequences received to model or another imitator. Influences the likelihood of observer imitating