Consonants Flashcards
(48 cards)
1
Q
English Pronunciation Dictionaries
A
- Longman Pronunciation Dictionary (LPD) -Wells
- Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (CEPD) - Roach
- Routledge Dictionary of Pronunciation for Current English (RDP) -Upton
2
Q
the glottal stop
A
- [ʔ]
- missing in the entries
- RDP - not mentioned at all
- LPD - mention made in an extra information box
- CEPD - mention made in the glossary
3
Q
intrusive /r/
A
- RDP -indicates the possibility of using it by means of italicised (r) whilst non-italicised (r) indicates linking /r/ (just imagine the first one is italicised i am done mentally)
- LPD - mention made in an extra information box + shows it in word-internal positions (not across word boundaries)
- CEPD - mention made in glossary, completely missing in the entries
4
Q
Yod-coalescence
A
- RDP - includes both variants without indicating their hierarchy
- LPD - mention made in an extra information box + shows it in word-internal positions
- CEPD - mention made in the glossary + shows it in word-internal positions
5
Q
Yod-dropping
A
- exists
- idk mr. ježek, you will turn me christian i think
6
Q
consonants
A
- sounds produced by obstruction of the airflow somewhere in the vocal tract
- phonologically, consonants are non-syllabic
7
Q
criteria for the description of consonants
A
- place of articulation
- manner of articulation
- energy of articulation
8
Q
places of articulation
A
- bilabial
- labio-dental
- dental
- alveolar
- post-alveolar, palato-alveolar
- palatal
- velar
- glottal
9
Q
bilabial
A
- upper and lower lip
- /p/ and /b/
10
Q
labio-dental
A
- lower lip and upper teeth
- /f/ and /v/
11
Q
dental
A
- upper teeth and tongue tip
- /ð/ and /θ/
12
Q
alveolar
A
- alverolar ridge and tongue tip
- /t/ and /d/, /s/ and /z/
13
Q
post-alveolar, palato-alveolar
A
- behind alveolar ridge and tongue
- /r/, /tʃ/ and /dʒ/, /ʃ/ and /ʒ/
14
Q
palatal
A
- hard palate and tongue
- /j/
15
Q
velar
A
- soft palate (velum) and tongue
- /ŋ/, /k/ and /g/
16
Q
glottal
A
- glottis
/h/ and [ʔ]
17
Q
manner of articulation
A
- plosives
- nasals
- affricates
- fricatives
approximants - taps
- trills
- laterals
18
Q
plosives
A
- stops
- complete obstruction in oral cavity; closing, compression, release stages
- /p/ and /b/, /t/ and /d/, /k/ and /g/ + [ʔ]
19
Q
nasals
A
- complete closure in mouth so air escapes through nasal cavity
- they are frictionless continuants /m/, /n/ and /ŋ/
20
Q
affricates
A
- release stage is prolonged so friction occurs at the place where plosives are articulated
- /tʃ/ and /dʒ/
21
Q
fricatives
A
- two articulators held sufficiently close so escaping air causes friction
- /f/ and /v/, /ð/ and /θ/, /s/ and /z/ + /h/
22
Q
approximants
A
- articulators narrowly close but not enough to cause friction
- between fricatives and vowels
- /r/, /j/, /l/, /w/
23
Q
taps
A
- flaps
- single contraction where one articulator is thrown against another
- US [ɾ]
24
Q
trills
A
- vibrations between active and passive articulators
- Scottish or Czech [r]
25
laterals
- consonants (affricates, fricatives, approximants) where airflow is blocked in the centre of the tongue and the air escapes thriugh the sides of the tongue
- lateral approximant /l/
26
energy of articulation
- voiced consonants
- voiceless consonants
- devoiced consonants
27
voiced consonants
- e.g. /b/, /d/, /g/, /v/,...
- lenis articulation
- vocal cords vibrating
28
voiceless consonants
- e.g. /p/, /t/, /k/, /f/,...
- fortis articulation
- vocal cords open
29
devoiced consonants
- e.g. cod in pre-pausal environments
30
description of consonants
- combines the three modes of articulation
- energy + place + manner
- e.g. /b/ is a voiced bilabial plosive
31
secondary articulation
- labialisation
- palatalisation
- nasalisation
- velarisation
- uvularisation
- pharyngealisation
- glottalisation
32
labialisation
- lip-rounding
33
palatalisation
- centre of tongue closer to hard palate
34
nasalisation
- part of airflow escapes through nasal cavity
35
velarisation
- back of tongue closer to soft palate
36
uvularisation
- back of tongue close to ovula
37
pharyngealisation
- pharynx (epiglottis) is constricted
38
glottalisation
- addition of the glotal stop
- insertion of the glottal stop [ʔ] before voiceless plosives (p, t, k) - pre-glottalisation (also glottal reinforcement); e.g. pot [pɒʔt].
- insertion of the glottal stop in place of voiceless plosives (p, t, k) - glottalisation (also glottal replacement), e.g. pot [pɒʔ].
39
/g/ - dropping
- alveolar [n] instead of velar [ŋ] in –ing endings
40
/th/ - fronting
- dental fricatives replaced by labio-dental ones; thus /ð/ and /θ/ are replaced by /f/ and /v/ respectively
- possible age-grading feature?
- typically associated with London / Estuary English, but first spotted in Yorkshire in 1876
41
/h/ - dropping
- refers to the omission of /h/ in word-initial positions
42
/l/ - vocalisation
- dark /l/ [ɫ] is not released laterally (sides of tongue) and becomes a rounded vowel.
- the vowel is somewhere between [o] and [ʊ].
43
/r/ - dropping
- started in the 18th C, that’s why US English is (predominantly) rhotic (exceptions e.g. New York working-class English).
- in the past, stigmatised for the lack of accordance with spelling.
- dropped /r/ created new diphthongs, namely /ɪə/, /ɛə/, /ɔə/, and /ʊə/
44
labio-dental /r/
- /r/ is replaced by a labio-dental approximant [ʋ]
- no phonemic contrast between ring v. wing
- considered a speech defect
45
intrusive /r/
- linking /r/ supported by spelling
- intrusive /r/ not supposed by spelling but inserted to avoid a vocalic hiatus across word boundaries as well as word-internally
- Used after /ɑ:/, /ɔ:/ and, in particular /ə/
46
yod-dropping
- yod refers to the /j/ sound present in some words of the GOOSE and CURE sets
47
yod-coalescence
- yod can coalesce (merge) with the preceding plosives and fricatives to produce palatalised consonants
48
whale-wale merger
- in the past, two different phonemes /hw/ v. /w/
