Speech production

Question 1

Three levels of description

Answer 1

1. articulatory level (head)
2. phonatory level (throat)
3. respiratory level (chest)

Question 2

Respiratory level

Answer 2

• lungs + bronchial tubes
• egressive (breathing out) v. ingressive (breathing in)
• pulmonic (air pressure from lungs) v. non-pulmonic (ejectives, implosives, clicks)
• most sounds are egressive and pulmonic

Question 3

Phonatory level

Answer 3

• trachea (windpipe)
• larynx (source of vibration aka phonation)
• vocal folds:
  a) open = voiceless sounds
  b) closed and vibrating = voiced sounds
  c) closed without vibration = glottal stops
• voiceless, voiced, whisper, murmur

Question 4

Articulatory level

Answer 4

• 3 resonating cavities: throat, mouth and nose
• place of articulation: e.g. lips, teeth, alveolar ridge
• manner of articulation: e.g. plosive, fricative
• energy of articulation: fortis (tense) / lenis (lax)