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Phonetics > consonants (lectures 1-4) > Flashcards

consonants (lectures 1-4) Flashcards

1
Q

What is phonetics

A

Study of the physical aspects of human speech- the SOUNDS we make

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2
Q

What frequency range can humans detect sounds in?

A

20 Hz to 20 kHz

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3
Q

What is phonology

A

The study of the patterns of sounds in a language and across languages, and the LAWS governing them
e.g. rules about how sounds are pronounced in context like the /p/ sound in “pat” and “spat”

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4
Q

Articulatory phonetics

A

Study of the organs of speech and the way they move to produce various sounds

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5
Q

Acoustic phonetics

A

Study of sound waves, their properties and the way they are transmitted

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6
Q

Auditory phonetics

A

The study of the perception or decoding of speech sounds by ear and brain

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7
Q

Transparent orthography

A

One-to-one grapheme-phoneme correspondence

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8
Q

Opaque orthography

A

Variable graphemes-to phoneme relationship e.g. both f and ph make same sound

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9
Q

Phoneme definition

A

The smallest linguistic unit that distinguishes meaning

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10
Q

Difference between phonemic and phonetic transcription

A

Phonemic transcription is broad with simplest possible set of symbols, uses slanted brackets //, tends to disregard variation between speakers of the same dialect.

Phonetic transcription is narrow, with more phonetic detail, used for unknown languages, disordered speech etc, uses square brackets []

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11
Q

Allophones

A

Positional variations of phonemes that are produced. E.g. in English, an aspirated p (as in pin) and unaspirated p as in (spin)

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12
Q

Articulation definition

A

Refers to the narrowing of the vocal tract during the production of speech sounds

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13
Q

What distinguishes central vs lateral articulation e.g. /t/ vs /l/

A

Position of tongue in relation to roof of mouth determines whether air goes through sides of tongue (lateral)

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14
Q

Active articulator vs passive articulator

A

Passive is static, active moves towards passive articulator

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15
Q

When describing consonants, what does VPM stand for

A

Voicing state (voiced or voiceless)
Place of articulation (location in the vocal tract where articulation occurs e.g. ‘alveolar’
Manner of articulation (what is the extent of the movement e.g. plosive, fricative, stop

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16
Q

Labial consonants

A

Involves lips e.g.
Bilabial
Labiodental

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17
Q

Coronal consonants

A

Involves tongue tip/blade e.g.
Dental
Alveolar
Postalveolar
Retroflex

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18
Q

Dorsal consonants

A

Involve the tongue front/back e.g.
Palatal
Velar
Uvular

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19
Q

Radical consonants

A

Use tongue root e.g.
Pharyngeal

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20
Q

Glottal consonants

A

Use glottis

(Momentary closure in the vocal folds)

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21
Q

which manners of articulation involve complete closures

A

plosive, nasal, trill, tap or flap

22
Q

which manners of articulation are narrow stricture

A

fricative and lateral fricative

23
Q

which manners of articulation involve approximation (where the articulators do not actually touch)

A

approximant and lateral approximant

24
Q

which manner of articulation involves closure and narrow release

A

Affricates

25
Q

what are obstruents

A

contact of the articulators and obstruction of the airflow
e.g. plosives, fricatives, affricates

26
Q

what are sonorants

A

approximation of the articulators and resonance in the vocal tract
e.g. nasals, approximants, lateral approximants

27
Q

what are plosives

A

Complete closure of the vocal tract that is maintained for a period of time. Oral airflow. Closing phase, hold phase then release phase. Examples = [p,b,t,d]

28
Q

What are nasals

A

Complete closure of the oral cavity but velum lowered so air escapes through nasal cavity. Classified as stops. Examples [m,n,ŋ]

29
Q

What is a stop?

A

Where the vocal tract is completely blocked for a time

30
Q

Describe the difference between nasal stops and oral stops

A

Oral stops are made with velic closure- velum is raised and in contact with rear wall of the pharynx. Air cannot escape through the nasal cavity. i.e. plosives

Nasal stops are made when oral cavity is closed by the velum is lowered to create a gap so air can flow through nasal cavity. i.e. nasals

  • [n] nasal stop → velum lowered.
  • [d] oral stop/plosive → velum raised.
31
Q

What are trills?

A

Complete but less forceful closure- repeated vibration of the articulator caused by the airstream.

32
Q

what are the types of trills?

A

Bilabial - ʙ (‘brrrr’ noise)
Alveolar- r (‘rrr’ in spanish like ‘perro’)
Uvular- ʀ (french r-sound e.g in song rien de rien

33
Q

what are taps and flaps

A

taps and flaps are very similar to plosives but with a very short amount of time during which the contact is maintained (around 20 ms)
e.g. alveolar [r] in spanish pero (‘but)
tap= direct contact of the articulators (for very short amount of time)
flap= contact in motion or tangential contact

34
Q

what are fricatives?

A

Very narrow opening between the articulators leading to frication and turbulent airflow (‘hissy’ noise) e.g. labiodental [f,v]. dental [θ, ð]

35
Q

explain the difference between ordinal/central fricatives and lateral fricatives.

A

Ordinal fricatives= turbulent airflow through narrow channel in the centre of the oral cavity

Lateral fricatives= midline of the oral cavity blocked by complete closure so turbulent airflow along the sides of the tongue

36
Q

what are approximants

A

approximation of the articulators without obstruction of the airflow. Approximants are sonorants and do not have a stricture narrow enough to cause turbulence.
e.g. semivowels like the y sound in ‘yes’ [j] a palatal central approxiant and the w sound in ‘war’ [w] is a labial-velar approximant

37
Q

what is a lateral approximant?

A

Midline of the oral cavity blocked by complete closure, air released along one or both sides of tongue.

38
Q

what are affricates?

A

Similar to plosives but with release into a narrow structure due to lower parting of the articulators during the release phase. During the slower release, the air rushing between the two articulators makes a hissing sound. A combination of plosives and fricatives. eg.[t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ] as in church and judge

39
Q

What are rhotics.?

A

All types of r-like sounds [r,ɾ,ɹ,ʁ,ʀ,ɽ]

40
Q

What are liquids?

A

Lateral approximants and rhotics [l, ɭ, ʎ, ʟ, r, ɾ, ɹ, ɻ, ʀ, ʁ, ɽ]

41
Q

What is the speech chain?

A
  1. Brain Sends signals to muscles, when it reaches muscles and muscles move this becomes articulatory phonetics

2.Sound waves travel to our ears and other peoples ears (what we and others hear) acoustic phonetics

  1. Perceive your own speech and potentially correct pronunciation - auditory phonetics
42
Q

What is the vocal tract?

A

A container of air that starts from the top of the vocal folds and goes all the way to the edge of the lips. Includes the oral and nasal cavity

43
Q

Give three homorganic pairs of plosives and nasals in English (same place of articulation but different manners of articulation)

A

Bilabial : [b,m]
Alveolar: [d, n]
Velar: [g, ŋ]

44
Q

What are the different types of complex articulations?

A

Simultaneous
complex articulation (including double articulation and secondary articulation)

Transitional/Sequential
complex articulation

45
Q

What is simultaneous complex articulation?

A

Producing a sound with two constrictions occurring simultaneously/ together.

46
Q

What is double articulation?

A

both constrictions with same degree of stricture (e.g. both are
complete closures, both are approximations)
e.g. voiced labial-velar approximant [w]

In the PIA chart, double articulations can be two symbols joined by a tie bar

47
Q

What is secondary articulation?

A

Two constrictions during the production of single
consonant that differ in width, i.e. One of the constrictions is more open than the other one.

Secondary articulation is usually named by the secondary articulation
e.g. nasalisation [ã], palatalisation [kʲ]

e.g. velarised alveolar lateral approximant [ɫ] or dark /l/, a variant of
/l/
or voiceless post-alveolar fricative is labialised [ʃʷ]

48
Q

Secondary articulation can occur because of adjacent segments. Some are instances of coarticulation. What is co-articulation?

A

Coarticulation: speech sound is influenced by an adjacent speech sound, to be more like the adjacent sound

49
Q

What is transitional/ sequential articulation?

A

separate successive articulations producing one sound
e.g. affricates like English: rich/rɪʧ/; ridge/rɪːʤ/

50
Q

How can stops vary?

A

Variation in the closure phase- Complete closure may not be attained → fricative like Liverpool - week [wiːx]

Variation in the hold phase- Consonants can be produced for a longer or shorter period of time (geminates)
* Italian: sono [sɔno] ‘I am’
, sonno [sɔnːo] / [sɔnno] ‘sleep’

Variation in the release phase- The release can be made slower → affricated stop (much like an affricate)
e.g., Liverpool English: ‘two’
* Variation in the release phase

Phonetics (7 decks)

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