initiation (lecture 6)

Question 1

Airstream Mechanisms are divided into pulmonic and non-pulmonic. And these are further divided into ingressive and egressive

Question 2

Describe what is meant by pulmonic egressive airstream mechanism

Answer 2

Pulmonic egressive airstream is generated by the air flowing outwards from the lungs

Lungs act as bellows to set air in motion and control flow, providing pressured air for the larynx and articulators to convert to audible pressure variations.
Air flows through the rest of the vocal tract.

Question 3

Describe Pulmonic ingressive ASM

Answer 3

Make any pulmonic egressive sound, e.g. [hhhh] but inhale → pulmonic
ingressive airstream mechanism.
Not widely used, except BACKCHANNELLING
(French ‘oui’)

Question 4

Describe glottalic airstream mechanism

Answer 4

Where the active initiator is the glottis/larynx
Movement of the larynx up and down is used for ejectives (egressive) and implosives (ingressive)

Question 5

Describe Ejectives/ Glottalic egressive ASM

Answer 5

• Ejectives are sounds produced by glottalic
  egressive mechanism
• Symbols: [p’ t’ k’] (apostrophe after symbol)
• Lungs play no part
• All ejectives are voiceless (vocal folds shut,
  cannot vibrate)

E/g/ for some english speakers in emphatics: thinK!
1. Make a glottal closure and simultaneously another closure further forward e.g. t velum for [k’] or lips for [p’]

2. Larynx is raised- trapped air is compressed/ air pressure raised
3. at release of front closure, air rushes out to balance pressures

Question 6

Describe implosives (Glottalic ingressive ASM)

Answer 6

All IPA symbols for implosives are based on the voiced pulmonic plosive symbol
with the added hook at the top
* Because the larynx is being lowered, the air trapped below the larynx is in turn
slightly compressed
* Some of this air usually leaks through the glottis, causing the vocal folds to
vibrate - As a result implosives are voiced

1. Make an oral closure, e.g. at velum for [ɠ]
2. Larynx is lowered, air pressure potentially
   lowered, or not affected much, because the
   glottis is not completely closed; some air
   leaks through the glottis → vocal folds vibrate
3. At release of oral closure, air may rush in,
   but it is not rushing out, as it would for
   plosives

Question 7

Velaric ingressive ASM

Answer 7

CLICKS!

Question 8

Combined Airstreams

Answer 8

Because all the action in a click takes place from the velum forward, it is possible to combine this mechanism with a pulmonic egressive mechansim → enables you to add nasality and/or voicing to a click