Contemporary Issues in LE And Policing Flashcards
Who wrote contemporary issues in Law-enforcement and policing
Milly and Das
This is an occupational hazard in modern living and a leading cause of death
Stress
The American way of dying is associated with degeneration disease which is also known as
Wear and tear disease
Stress related afflictions are not just physiological they are also
Psychological and sociological
Are stress related afflictions equally distributed among various occupational work groups
No
With concern to episodic stress verse chronic organizational stressors these are examples of chronic organizational stressors no___no___no___
No media attention, no public empathy, no responsive concern
Work related stress is common in occupations of___services
Human
Stress provoking conditions in human services are linked to responsibility for___, unpleasant___, gap between A___and A___, and the mere nature of the ____
Others lives, encounters, aspiration and achievement, the job
Definition… Disrupting conditions that create the need for readjustment that can potentially produce stress
Stressors
Are the two main ways in which the body response to stress
Physiologically and psychologically
Physiological symptoms and psychological symptoms of response are not the actual condition of
Stress
Neither the stimulus or response take into account the i_____nature of stress
Interactive
Damage equals___ +___
Strength of force plus ability to withstand
Derived from physics, Stress is a distortion produced by
An external force
In social service, stress comes from the complex manner in which individuals interact with the
Environment
The interactive perspective speaks to the imbalance between environmental demands and
Individual resources
Stress is present when___exceed the ability to___
Demands exceed the ability to deal with them
Stress is present when we can’t a___,a___, or c___the demands
Avoid alter or control
The key ingredient proportional to stress is c____
Control
Ongoing stress drains energy and enthusiasm and when it is continuous takes a toll on___,___,___
Physical mental and emotional
When stress highly impacts our physical, mental, emotional well-being we often feel
Burn out
With burnout, we eventually experience a___ ___attitude
Who cares
In policing, services are often offered following
Major incidents
In policing stress is now being looked at as a result of duties associated with relatively___ levels of self –___stress
Low levels of self perceived
John Wayne syndrome says stay ____ And deny personal impact from ____ ____
Macho, Traumatic events
Episodic means
Short-lived and infrequent
Is episodic stress the most prevalent source of stress?
No
In policing this is recognized as the most prevalent form of stress
Chronic organizational stress, daily hassles of police work
o___Concerns outweigh o___crisis
Organizational, operational
Why are organizational concerns recognized as causing so much stress
They are routinely encountered with high frequency
The excitement of occasional___may mitigate organizational stress
Violence
Stress comes more from the O___ Context of the work rather than the work itself
Organizational context
In police work, stress comes from inter___tension
Inter-division
The first impact of organizational stress is that j___ s___begins to diminish, then m____, than the w___ c___attitude
Job satisfaction, then morale, then the who cares attitude
 The final impact of chronic organizational stress is organizational alienation. Examples of this are
Sick related absence, premature retirement
To combat organizational stress we need to identify
It’s sources
People have a need to be involved in the___ ___process
Decision making
To help prevent chronic organizational stress and trust employees with P___, A___, D___
Power authority and discretion
This type of management involves decentralized decision making…p_____
Participatory
Participatory management involves decentralized decision making, the empowerment of e___or TQM
Employees, total quality management
With concern to social acceptance, we have a desire to be
Involved
A key function of work is to produce feelings of
Achievement, responsibility, growth, recognition
More control/involvement over environment = less ____
Less stress
Being asked for input is status
Enhancing
Top down strict management =
Stress
Micromanagement and managing strictly on rules and policies leads to those just trying to
Toe the line
Rigid organizational structure inhibits I___ communication
Interpersonal communication
Stress can be linked to giving two little authority with too much
Responsibility
As officers mature they want more involvement and become r___if structure doesn’t allow it
Resentful
With regards to stress we should target___rather than___
Causes rather than effects
Stress is often seen as an individual d___not o___ d___
Disorder, not organizational dysfunction
Traditionally responses to addressing stress have been___instead of___
Reactive, instead of proactive
Teaching someone how to cope and providing counseling or training are seen as both
Reactive and proactive
Is the clinical intervention model Proactive or reactive
Reactive
The clinical intervention model involves services offered after a_____or when___surfaces
Major event, PTSD
PTSD can come from both
Traumatic incident and organizational stress
An organizational psychologist may be more helpful in treating the
Cause
The individual coping model can’t prevent
Stress
The individual coping model can’t remove stress because it’s focused on treating the i___for the o___’s problem
Individual for the organizations problem
In the stress prevention hierarchy eliminating or reducing source of stress is p____ p____
Primary prevention
In the stress prevention hierarchy mitigating potential consequences of exposure is s____ i____
Secondary intervention
In the stress prevention hierarchy providing support for a stressed Officer is t_____ i____
Tertiary intervention
Is primary prevention of stress common?
No
Is secondary intervention of stress common
Yes
Is tertiary intervention of stress common
Yes
This requires commitment, participation, action despite lack of success, clinical and individual coping intervention
Primary prevention of stress
Targeting organizational stress prevention requires C___, P___, A___
Commitment, participation, action
The clinical model is insufficient to combat
The source of stress
The coping model does what with the problem? m_____
Misdiagnosis
What decade did community policing divisions start
1980s
The 3 perceived functions of police are… Which is seen his highest value which is seen as lowest
Highest Crime fighting, order maintenance, lowest social services
Crime-fighting was seen as the___, those focused on social services seen as the___
Norm, others
The original goal of community oriented policing was too
Combat crime through service
Originally community oriented police officers were simply seen as crime fighters. This was known as the___effect
Boomerang
There was a rejection of community oriented policing as the methods weren’t seen as
Real police work
Community police officers often had___placed on them which led to less___ ___and them returning to the street
Sanctions, job satisfaction
Having a knowledge of the s___Of community oriented police officers helps improve their i____
Stigma, implementation
Implementation of community policing in the 80s was a result of this in the 70s, as well as___issues in the 50s 60s and 70s
Police – citizen conflict in the 70s and civil issues in the 50s 60s and 70s
Civil issues in the 50s 60s and 70s lead to a loss of police
Legitimacy
Traditional policing didn’t___Crime or the fear of it
Reduce
The goal of community oriented policing is to deal with the situation not just using___
Arrests
Goals of community policing were to improve relations and focus on the needs of the community, in order to reclaim___
Legitimacy
Community oriented policing goal is to negotiate order and crime reduction with increased and improved c_____
Communication
Community oriented policing looked to take the traditional reactive crime fighter mentality and transition to
Preventative service providers
With community policing, push back to the change led to
Stigma of COP officers
Community policing officers were often seen as the
Others
To understand larger society we often
Categorize, typify, generalize/overgeneralize experiences we have heard from family and friends
When trying to understand larger society we often determine value based on
Generalizations
When understanding larger society we often develop a__vs.__mentality. Also known as the__vs. __
We versus they, normal versus other
We often dichotomize in police work separating these two things or groups
Real police work/crime fighting and the others
In policing we often devalue deviation from
The norm/real police work
What were the responsibilities of the early police woman
Handle service type calls, women, children, Intel gathering while doing so
The early police women were often assigned to___and given___
Substations and given discretion
In early policing recruiting and hiring may have been focused towards what group?
Males
In a study by Langston and Richardson did community oriented policing officers feel their “real” status was challenged?
66% No
Two reasons most COP did not feel their real status was challenged was possibly because…
Stigma may have been on the unit, not the officer
The groups molded a crime fighting style
What fraction of COP officers felt stigma
1/3
What was the difference in feeling of the stigma between those assigned versus those volunteering for COP
No real significance
Did working with youth more have an effect on the level of challenge officers felt
No
Though the majority of COP officers did not feel stigma, what do we still need to do
Address the issue by training on importance of COP and provide incentives and resources for COP
At its best, the blue code of silence is a
Brotherhood
At its worst the blue code of silence is
Silent about bad cops
What is the root of the etiology of the code
Loyalty
The code is good for___but not for p___ s___
Safety, public scrutiny
With regard to the code, the negative aspects under public scrutiny are failure to report___and false___
Misconduct, testimony
Two major impacts of false testimony
Damages integrity of justice system and impacts innocent third parties
NYC mayor Dinkins started the Mollen commission in 92 the main goal was to prevent and detect
Corruption
the blue code facilitated corruption by setting a standard that nothing was more important than___
Loyalty
The blue code facilitated corruption because it in emboldened cops and those susceptible to
Corruption
The blue code thwarted efforts to control corruption through use of c____
Coverups
Knapp Commission in the 70s found that code was so strong it was futile to expect Cops to
Expect cops to testify even with immunity
The LA Christopher commission was established after what incident
Rodney King
The LA Christopher commission found that the code was
Impenetrable
The LA Christopher commission found that the code was the greatest barrier to addressing…
Complaints
The LA Christopher commission found that dissenting comments were kept where?
In house
The 1989 Fitzgerald inquiry took place where
Queensland Australia
The Fitzgerald inquiry found that the code was integral in___ ___
Police culture
The Fitzgerald inquiry found this to be a critical factor in the deterioration of the police force
The code
Investigations show the code lies___, like incubating a disease and without___, it manifests as a refusal to offer info that would___an Officer
Dormant, inquiry, damage
The practical effect of the code is to reduce/eliminate concern for possible___and___as deterrent to misconduct
Apprehension and punishment
The code brings silence but also affects t___
Testimony
The unwritten code prohibits disclosing perjury or misconduct or even testifying truthfully if it does what
Implicates an officer
Tacit norm of the code is to never…
Do something to embarrass another cop
With the code it is taboo to draw___ ___to another officer
Critical attention
William Smith found that officers lean towards a mutual P___and intense L___
Protectiveness, loyalty
Who got in trouble for the Rodney king incident
That was doing the beating and those that just stood by
In the Rodney king incident what may have affected the witnesses willingness to lie
That it was on video
Chemerinski study in LA what did Rafael Perez do to Ovando
Shot and paralyzed him then framed him
When did Rafael Perez come clean
When his wife was on the hook
Who blew the first whistle
Serpico
Serpico led to which commission
The Knapp commission
What was the basic gist of Serpico
They tried to give him his share to tie him in but he refused and was shunned
NYPD 70th precinct Louima…details
Haitian immigrant with pants down was mainly assaulted by Volpe
Why didn’t anyone report Volpe’s anal assault of Louima
Fear of retribution
Why did Cawley tell the Mollen commission that he was not scared of being told on
Any reporters would ruin their own career and become a rat
Three reasons why cops don’t tell on other cops
Loyalty, fear of retribution, most others know about their misconduct and don’t want to open Pandora’s box
To report an officers misconduct makes you a
Rat
Officers often fail to report and have a hard time explaining what later
Why you didn’t
The three overseers in Manhattan OCU, CCRB, DOJ what do they each handle
Official corruption unit of Manhattan police cases, Citizen complaint review board for low level force complaints, department of justice for high profile civil rights cases
What was the NYPD’s goal in addressing corruption
Dispose of scandals and publicity quickly
What was the OCU and district Attorneys goal with corruption
See how far the corruption goes
What is the downside to investigating in the long run with regards to corruption
Corruption and misconduct is allowed to go on longer
With regards to addressing corruption what is the short run dilemma
You scoop up a few and it tips off the others to stop or hide things
What happened in Manhattan 30th precinct of Washington Heights drug dealing neighborhood
The defense admitted that the client had 3 kilos but the police report only indicated two… One was stolen
What methods did the OCU use for secret investigations
Body worn wires, taps, stings
What happened with the OCU undercover operation using the Spanish officer with money on the front seat
Officer stole the money and then flipped to wear a wire against others
What is a justification that was used by officers with regards to Stealing from drug dealers… Why did they think they would be OK
Most of their so-called victims were criminals… Difficult to convict cops when the victim is low status/character
Why do police rarely want to take the stand
They are not protected by the fifth amendment and there is no cross examination
Judges and juries were hesitant to convict on complaints from criminals why?
Hesitant to convict otherwise unblemished cops for a “low life”
What were the details of the north drug initiative in northern Manhattan with regards to Polanco and Batista
Polanco selling to Batista, officers hit house, Polanco flushed drugs before entry, Polanco and Batista beat but in fetal position so couldn’t see who hit them… Batista offered to be let go, decline because of injury taken to the hospital and not charged
In the Polanco Bautista beating case what were the results for Officer Vasquez and Thompson
Acquitted as the only other witnesses were cops… Excessive force but no corruption found… “Morally excepted zealousness”
What is one possible measure to reign in the code and reduce corruption and brutality
Good leadership
New Orleans PD had a reputation of brutality and corruption and internal affairs have not made a case in five years how did chief Pennington turn it around
Fired IEA and replace them with investigators he could trust
Brought in outside consultants to include Jack Maple (compstat from NYPD)
Police corruption does not take place in a…
Vacuum
The code/corrupt culture/silence can be Undermined by who
Managers who won’t tolerate and haven’t been corrupt themselves
Outcome of the Abner Louima case
For officers sentenced to between five and 30 years (volpe)
Civil awards 7 million paid out by NYC 1.6 million from PBA
Policy and practice changes
Civilian board prosecuting brutality
In the Louima case why did the PBA pay out 1.6 million
Delegates knew of statements and failed to report them
With regards to IA investigations why was the 48 hour rule phased out
Gave union reps a chance to tell everyone to stay quiet unless something official came down
 The officers probably would’ve been OK in the Louima case with providing simply a___. However___was the focus that damned them
Tune up, sodomy
Success in prosecuting the Louima case opened up new legal front in holding officers_____
Accountable
The LA ram parts gang unit which focused on young, non-white males… Many victims sued… The judge ruled that the involved could be sued under what act
RICO
LAPD was put under a what following the LA ramparts gang unit scandals
Five year consent decree
Michael Cherkasky (former NYC prosecutor) Oversaw what?
LAPD consent decree
