content... Flashcards
(26 cards)
What is development?
Idea of what 21st Century life should consist of
Essentials, access to services and opportunities
What single indices is development measured through?
GDP, GDP per capita - total value of all goods and services produced in a country (indicates economic output, mean wealth per person)
Life expectancy - estimate of how long an individual will live (indicates lifestyle and health)
Literacy rate - quality of education (links to economic output)
Infant mortality rate - quality of healthcare and attitudes towards children
What complex indices is used to measure development?
Happy planet index - links LE, wellbeing and equality with ecological footprint (no econ)
KOF Index of globalisation - measures strength of links between countries using economic, social, political criteria (indirect measure)
World Happiness Index - measures alternative ideas like social support, generosity, corruption (qualitative measure)
Human Development Index - average length of schooling, literacy rate, GNI, LE
What is a democracy?
System of govt based on belief of equal rights in deciding how the country is run, each member of society votes for representatives in government
What is capitalism?
Economic system where industry is owned by private businesses and run to make profit
What is ‘Western’ development?
Westernised, equal rights, democracy, capitalism - seen by some as successful in promoting devp as historically westen countries have led in economic and social significance
Non-secular governance
Law and religion intertwined
eg Saudia Arabia + Sharia Law
Bolivia - model of sustainability
Evo Morales - Pres + leader of Movement towards Socialism party
Created constitution focused on Law of Mother Earth (nature has rights, govt has duty is protecting nature, any damage should be reversed)
What are authoritarian states
Decisions made by government or an individual
What is communism
Major industries are state owned meaning reduced competition between businesses
Less focus on profits meaning better working conditiions and fairer pay
What is health in countries vary based on devpment?
Developing countries have lower LE - poor healthcare, poor access to food and clean water, overcrowding, climate = tropical diseases
(vulnerable members of society more affected)
Developed countries have higher LE - better healthcare quality and access, access to clean water and sanitation, disposable income
BUT poor lifestyle choices + infectious diseases in cities with high pop density
Why does LE and health vary within countries?
Between genders- men have lower LE due to more dangerous occupations
Socio economic groups
Ethnicity
What are welfare states?
Aim to provide a stable economy by providing for those unemployed or disadvantaged -MEDC
What are totalitarian regimes?
Focus on political and military enforcement - aim to gain wealth by streamlining services, create new job opportunities + infrastructure, indirectly helping poor
What are IGOs?
IMF, WTO, World Bank - key in economic devp + rebuilding
What is the UN’s focus?
Protecting human rights, peace + serenity, social advancement
How has the UN tried to achieve its goals?
Created MDGs as a framework for devp of emerging countries and for developed countries to help
-Questionable success (step towards right direction but not attained)
Replaced by SDGs to be reached by 2030
-8 MDGs but 17 SDGs
What is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights?
30 articles set out in 1948 based on the rights of freedom + justice
-considered ‘western’ trying to change traditional cultures
-developing countries prioritise economic devp
What is the European Convention of Human Rights?
European Court of Human Rights developed ECHR as a follow on to the UDHR with similar aims to promote democracy, integration + freedom
-some believe that it undermines national sovereignty
BUT ensure govts are held accountable to their actions
What is the Geneva Convention?
Set of international rules that apply in war situations that protect: civilians, wounded armed forces, prisoners of war, shipwrecked navy forces
Ratified into international law by 196 states, UN Security council makes final decision on any complaints
-most commonly broken by countries chosing to torture prisoners of war
What is development aid?
Financial or practical support given to poorer countries to promote growth
-impact is limited if local resources aren’t used
What are trade embargoes?
Official bans on trade or travel imposed on countries with harmful or dangerous policies
What is military aid?
Provides weapons, funding, or training to help a country defend itself or rebuild after conflict
What is disaster aid?
Emergency support offered after natural disaster
