Control of body systems

Question 1

what is evolution

Answer 1

animals changing over time, adapting to modifications

Question 2

what is form-function relationship

Answer 2

shape of an object or body part is determined by its intended purpose and function

Question 3

what is speciation

Answer 3

When individuals from a
single population diverge
enough to be considered
two or more distinct
populations, which no longer
conform to a single species
definition

Question 4

what are homology

Answer 4

Structures from the same embryologic origin, may or may not serve same function

Question 5

what is analogy

Answer 5

Structures with the same function, but from different embryologic orgin

Question 6

what is a biome

Answer 6

Different types of environments
* Each biome may contain multiple
habitats and many niches

Question 7

what is an ecosystem

Answer 7

the interactions between biota (plants and animals) within the environment

Question 8

what is a habitat

Answer 8

Includes all living and non
living factors or conditions of
the environment

Question 9

what is a niche

Answer 9

The environmental conditions and
resources that define the
requirements of a species to
practice its way of life, particularly
for its population to persist

Question 10

what is a generalist species

Answer 10

species are able to thrive in a
wide variety of conditions, and make use of a variety of resources

Question 11

what is a specialist species

Answer 11

species have a narrower range
of conditions and resources they can use, but they are specialised to use these more efficiently than other specie

Question 12

why would an animal have to adapt living in the desert

Answer 12

• Deserts are defined by low
  rainfall – little water available
• Can be very hot in the day,
  and very cold at night
• Unstable, dry and dusty
  surfaces to move on
• May require behavioural
  adaptations as well as
  anatomical ones

Question 13

why would an animal have to adapt living in the cold (eg. artic)

Answer 13

Reduce surface area: volume ratio
* Short/small limbs
* Body fat storage/feathers
* Small ears
* Insulating fat and feather layers
* Specialised feeding

Question 14

causes of extinction

Answer 14

• Competition
• Loss of prey
• Human activity
• Natural disasters
• Climate change

Question 15

anatomy of a muscle

Answer 15

origin
belly
insertion

Question 16

what is the brachium

Answer 16

shoulder to elbow

Question 17

what is the antebrachium

Answer 17

elbow to wrist

Question 18

what is the crus

Answer 18

stiful to tarus

Question 19

what is the thigh

Answer 19

hip to stiful

Question 20

what is a dermatomes

Answer 20

area of skin supplied by one single pair of spinal nerves

Question 21

what is a myotomes

Answer 21

a group of muscles supplied by one single pare of spinal nerves

Question 22

names of the spinal cord swelling (cranial to cordal)

Answer 22

cerbical, lumbosacral

Question 23

name of the nerve plexuses (crainal to cordal)

Answer 23

brachial plexus
lumbosacral plexus

Question 24

what the parietal lobe responsiable for

Answer 24

touch

Question 25

what is the occipital lob responsable for

Answer 25

vision

Question 26

what is the temporal lobe responsable for

Answer 26

hearing

Question 27

what is the frontal lobe responsable for

Answer 27

movment

Question 28

what is the primary motor cortex job

Answer 28

initiation and control of voluntary movements

Question 29

what is the job of premotor area

Answer 29

orgaising motor functions before they are initiated in the primary motor cortex

Question 30

what is the job of the prefrontal area

Answer 30

controls the motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movements

Question 31

process of a reflex arc

Answer 31

a sensory receptor detects a stimulus A sensory neuron conducts action potentials through the nerve and dorsal root to the spinal cord In the spinal cord, the sensory neuron synapses with an interneuron The interneuron synapses with the motor neuron The motor neuron axon conducts action potentials through the ventral root and spinal nerve to an effector organ

Question 32

role of the upper motor neurons

Answer 32

regulate posture maintaining muscle tone initiate voluntary movement

Question 33

role of the lower motor neurons

Answer 33

Axons project into the PNS via cranial or spinal nerves and connect with muscle at the NMJ

Question 34

what is the cerebellum involved in

Answer 34

* Posture & muscle tone * Balance * Fine motor coordination (comparator function)- compare performance by feedback and receptors, it will be corrected by the spinal cord to the muscles * Planning and practicing rapid, complex motor actions * Coordination of ALL somatic motor activities

Question 35

what is the basal nuclei involved in

Answer 35

Involved in planning, organising, and coordinating movements and posture