Reproductive system Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
what is the human male reproductive tract comprise of
A
testis
epididymis
Ductus deferens
Accessory sex glands
Urethra
Penis
2
Q
what is the gonads
A
paired testes
3
Q
what are the testis functions
A
make sex steroid hormones
produce sperm
4
Q
the process of the descending testes
A
The pair of testes develop in the abdomen.
At birth, testis migrate through a hole in the abdominal
wall (inguinal canal) to the scrotum.
As testis descends it carries its ‘lifeline’ with it (blood vessels & nerves- ‘spermatic cord’
5
Q
why is thermoregulation in the testes so important
A
Sperm are sensitive to temperature
6
Q
what is the optimum sperm temp
A
2-4 degrees c
7
Q
how do the testes thermoregulate
A
Testicular veins are surrounded by pampiniform plexus which acts as a heat exchange (colling blood as they enter the testis.
8
Q
what is the job of the cremaster muscles
A
draws spermatic cord nearer to the body
9
Q
what is the job of the dartos muscle
A
wrinkles the skin of the scrotum, to reduce heat loss
10
Q
what are the three parts of the epididymis
A
head- most tubular fluid reabsorbed here
body- sperm mature as pass through
tail- sperm stored here
11
Q
what is the vas deferens
A
sperm transport duct
12
Q
the four accessory glands are
A
ampulla
seminal vesicles
prostate
bulbourethral glands
13
Q
what is the ampulla
A
produces minor amount of seminal fluid
14
Q
what is the seminal vesicles
A
produces 60% of seminal fluid
secretes nutrients for sperm, fibrinogen, enzymes
15
Q
what is the prostate
A
40% seminal fluid in
human
Buffers & clotting factors
16
Q
the three parts of the penis
A
root, body/shaft, glans
17
Q
Erectile tissues include the..
A
corpus cavernosum- main etectile bodies of shaft
corpus spongiosum- forms bulb
18
Q
there are two types of penis-
A
Musculocavernous
Fibroelastic
19
Q
what is the Musculocavernous penis type
A
when erection is primarily achieved by the engorgement of erectile tissue
20
Q
what is the Fibroelastic penis type
A
More dense collagenous tissue that stiffens penis
21
Q
what is an os penis
A
bone- found in dogs
22
Q
female reproductive tract Comprises of
A
- Pair of ovaries
- Pair of uterine tubes (oviducts)
- Uterus
- Vagina
- Vestibule
- Vulva
23
Q
where is the site of egg maturity
A
ovary
24
Q
where is the Site of production of oestrigen and progesteron
A
ovary
25
what maintains the lining of
the reproductive tract
oestrogen
26
what is the prosses of Oogenesis
egg maturation
27
what is the prosses of Folliculogenesis
follicle maturation
28
parts of theuterine tube (from uterus to ovary)
Infundibulum
* With finger-like fimbriae collect ova
Ampulla
* Widest part of tube
* Site of fertilisation
Isthmus
* Narrow part of tube
29
job of the uterine tube
secretions nourish the egg
30
where is the site of fertilisation
ampulla
31
vagina is lined with what epithelium
stratified squamous non
keratinised epithelium
32
why are there small glands in the vagina
secrete lubricant to prevent infections
33
what is the vestibule
area between the labia where openings of the vagina and urethra are
34
what is the perineum
surface area (& all contents) between inner thighs
35
ovarys species variations in birds
only one ovary is present
36
uterine tube anatomy in birds and reptiles
Infundibulum
Magnum
Isthmus
Vagina
Cloaca
37
role of the infundibulum
collects yolk
fertilisation occours
38
role of the magnum
Produces albumen (egg white)
39
role of the isthmus
Shell membranes produced
40
role of the shell gland (uterus)
shell forms
41
simplex structural types of uterus
* 1 cervix
* Large uterine body
* No horns
42
an animal with a simplex uterus example
humans
43
Bicornuate structural types of uterus
1 cervix
Small uterine body
Long horns
44
an animal with a bicornuate uterus example
eg. dog, pig, horse, sheep
45
an animal with a Duplex uterus example
rat, mouse, rabbit
46
duplex structural types of uterus
2 cervices (each horn has its cervix)
Separate horns
No uterine body
47
what is the function of the broad ligament
Holding up the reproductive organs
48
the three parts of the broaf ligament
* Mesovarium (around ovary)
* Mesosalpinx (around uterine tube)
* Mesometrium (around uterus)
49
what is a placenta
a temporary organ that exchanges nutrients, gases and excretory products
produces hormones
50
what does the placenta provide for the fetus
nutrition
respiration
excretion
51
what are the four fetal membranes
amnion
chorion
allantois
yolk sac
52
in early implantation what cell produces the placenta
trophoblast
53
in early implantation what cell produces the embryo
embryoblast
54
two layers of the trophblast
* Cytotrophoblast
* Syncytiotrophoblast
55
stages of placenta formation
Lacunae (spaces) form
in syncytiotrophoblast
Syncytiotrophoblast
cells erode the walls of
maternal capillaries
Maternal blood enters
the lacunae
Projections of trophoblast cells
(villi) grow into the maternal
tissue creating large surface area.
Maternal & fetal blood in close
apposition (never combine)
56
what is the placenta the fusion of
No mixing of blood between baby and mother as the placenta is a fusion no tissues
57
what is the chorion
outermost embryonic tissue and is
associated with the maternal endometrium
58
what is the role of chorionic villi
project into endometrium to
bring fetal blood close to maternal blood
59
role of the allantois
extra-embryonic membrane that collects liquid waste from the embryo and exchanges gases used by the embryo
60
comparatist difference allantois in humans and domesticated species
domestic species can be born enclosed in amnion- must be removed to avoid suffocation
61
4 main shapes of placenta
* diffuse
* cotyledonary
* zonary
* discoid
62
what determines the gross classification
How the villi are distributed determines the gross
classification.
63
what placenta is horses, pugs and a whale
Diffuse- Villi distributed randomly all over chorionic
sac
64
what placenta is carnivores
Zonary- Villi arranged in a ring around middle of chorionic sac
65
what placenta is ruminats
Cotyledonary- villi arranged in multiple discs called cotyledons
66
what placenta is for humans, rat
discoidal- villi arranged in one large disc
67
what animals have epitheliochorial placenta
maintains 6 layers
mare, sow, ruminants
68
what animals have Endotheliochorial placenta
4 layers
dog and cat
69
what animals have Haemoochorial placenta
▪ 3 layers
▪ Human
70
what is deciduate shedding
loss of maternal tissue- human
71
what is semi-deciduate shedding
minor loss of maternal tissue- canivore, ruminant
72
what is non-deciduate shedding
clean sparation- no maternal tissue loss- horse, pig
73
what is involved in Fetal circulation
Umbilical vein
Ductus venosus
Foramen ovale
Ductus arteriosus
Umbilical arteries
74
Role of umbilical vein
carries o2 blood from placenta to liver
75
role of ductus venosus
alloes majority of o2 blood to bypass liver and connects the umbilical vein to caudal vena cava
76
role of formen ovale
allows oxygenated
blood to pass from
the right to left
atrium
77
role of Ductus arteriosus
allows deoxygenated
blood to bypass the lungs and It connects the
pulmonary trunk to
the aorta
78
impact of a Y chromosome
testis develop → testosterone produced → male tract
development
79
impact of no y chromosome
No testis develop → No testosterone produced →
female tract development
80
what is SRY gene
SYR gene forms the male
Primary cords and testis cords produce the mini testes, producing testosterone and AMH (Anti-Müllerian Hormone)
81
function of the female reproductive tract
folliculogenesis and
oogenesis
secrete sex steroid hormones
to prepare reproductive tract for copulation, fertilisation, pregnancy, parturition
82
role of the corpus luteum
secrete progesterone, enables implantation and maintains pregnancy
83
melanin changes in pregnancy causes
melasma due to increased skin pigmentation of the skin, eg. freckles and moles darken and pigmentation can changes in the linea nigra
84
what can oedema be causes by
an increase in cortisol and aldosterone which act on the kidney to increase water retention
85
how does Relaxin effect the late changes of pregnancy
loosens joints and ligaments, which creates more space for the birth canal and softens the cervix
86
what is the skin called surrounding the nipple
areola
87
what is the use for areolar glands
lubricate and protect the nipple
88
the development and growth of mammary glands is under control of
pregnancy hormones
89
role of mammary glands
produce colostrum and then milk
90
The three structural components of mammary glands
ducts, alveoli, connective
tissue
91
what is the structure of alveoli
secretory cells and myoepithelial cells
92
the purpose of the milk ejection reflex
allowing milk to be released from the breasts.
93
what are Alveoli
small milk-producing sacs in the breast
94
roles of myoepithelial cells in the alveoli
When they contract, they help push the milk from the alveoli into the ducts that lead to the nipple
95
what stimulates myoepithelial cells
Oxytocin, which is secreted by the posterior pituitary
96
the prosses of the milk ejection reflex
It involves a feedback loop where suckling stimulates the release of oxytocin, which then causes milk to be ejected from the breast. The process ensures that the baby gets milk while regulating the amount produced based on the baby’s needs.
97
what is the oestrus cycle
period of sexual activity in animals
98
what is Seasonal
monoestrus
1 period per season at a particular time of year
99
what is dioestrus
go into oestrus twice a year
100
what is polyoestrus
Can go through a succession of oestrous cycles during
the year.
101
what is Seasonal
polyoestrus
Can go through a success of oestrous cycles during a
particular time of the year
102
what is an induced ovulators
ovulation is triggered by an external stimulus - mating
103
what is a spontaeous ovulators
release eggs in a regular cycle based on internal hormonal signals
104
types of contraceptives measures
pill
patch
injection
IUD
preventive ovulation
thicken cervical mucus
thin endometrial lining
105
types of barrier methods
male condom
spermicides
diaphragm/cap
female condom
106
how does the diaphragm method work
fits over the cervical opening, preventing sperm from entering the uterus
107
how does IUD- copper work
copper ions inhibit sperm motility and prevent them from traveling through the cervical mucus
108
how does IUD- hormonal work
Thickens the cervical mucus and thins the endometrial lining
109
how can IUDs be used in dairy cattle
synchrosise breeding cycles of herd by Imitates corpus luteum by releasing progesterone which suppresses the release of GnRH and therefore LH and FSH.
110
Contraception use in captive/zoo include
injections, tablets, implants, vaccines and IUD coils; or separate sexes
111
what is a vasectomy and its benefits
Small section of ductus deferens is removed
Maintains sexual behaviour and is very effective
112
how does vasagel work
Vasalgel is injected into the vas deferens lumen, making a semi-permeable gel barrier. Sperm are too big to get through this barrier, so they are then reabsorbed into the body.
113
what is castration
testis are removed to decrease sexual behaviours/aggression/risk of prostate cancer
114
how are lambs castrated and its benifits
blocking off blood supply to testis.
Can keep males and females together longer
Production of testosterone can alter taste of meat
Alters behaviour
115
what is a ovario-hysterectomy
also known as spaying. It is the removal of the ovaries and uterus which eliminates signs of oestrus, decreasing the risk of cancer and ovarian cysts.
116
what is an ovariectomy
removal of ovaries only. which is a faster recovery time and lower risk proceduer that an ovario-hysterectomy
117
what is speacial about ferret reproduction and the solutions
Intact female ferrets come into season in spring/summer. If not mated they will develop anaemia and die
Spay (can lead to overactive adrenal glands)
Hormone injections prevent oestrus
Mate with vasectomised ferret (several
times during season, may get
pseudopregnancy)
118
what is IUI (intra uterine insemination)
Catheter passed into uterus and sperm injected just after ovulation (may be natural cycle or induced)
119
how to sex semen and drawbacks
Female sperm ~4% heavier so can be separated out to
~90% accuracy
~process makes sperm weaker
120
what is IVF (IN-vitro fertilisation)
Natural cycle suppressed
FSH increases the number of follicles developing.
Ultrasound assessment of the ovary to check
121
how to harvest eggs in humans
human chorionic gonadotropin injection is used to trigger final maturation of the eggs
Woman is sedated 34-36 hrs later and eggs are retrieved via a needle passed through the vagina.
