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Flashcards in Conversational IIS Deck (24)
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1
Q

Definition Agents

A

Agents are autonomous, active computer processes that possess some ability to communicate with people and/or other agents and to adapt their behavior (Benyon, 2014).

2
Q

Agents - ‘Strong view’ of Artificial Intelligence area

A
  • Agents have beliefs, desires, and intentions

- Agents can plan, learn, adapt and communicate

3
Q

Agents - ‘Weak view’ of Human-Computer Interaction area

A

Agents serve as ‘indirect managers’ –> interface agents

4
Q

Conversational Agents comprise two main parts

A

Agent: Agents are autonomous, active computer processes that possess some ability to communicate with people and/or other agents and to adapt their behavior.

Converstational Interface: Conversational interfaces are interfaces that enable people to interact with smart devices using conversational spoken language.
• Voice (e.g. personal assistants)
• Text (e.g. chatbots)

5
Q

Definition - Conversational Agent

A

Conversational agents, or chatbots, provide a natural language interface to their users. (Kerly, Hall, & Bull, 2007, p. 177)

6
Q

Definition - Chatbot

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Chatbot is defined as a program that emulates human conversation and enables natural-language conversations with computers. (Lu, Chiou, Day, Ong, & Hsu, 2006, p. 576)

7
Q

classification of conversational agents

A

Classification of conversational agents based on two dimensions (Gnewuch et al., 2017)
- Mode of communication: text vs. speech
- Context: general-purpose vs. domain-specific
siehe Folie 10

8
Q

General-Purpose, Text-Based Conversational Agents

A

e.g. Cleverbot
- Interaction via text messages (“chatting”)
- Conversational agents can basically converse
about any topic
- Developed to win the Loebner prize / to pass the Turing test

9
Q

Domain-Specific, Text-Based Conversational Agents

A

 Interaction via text messages (“chatting”)
 Conversational agents are trained to converse
about specific topics related to their domain
 Used for entertainment or in customer service, healthcare, banking, …
 Can be found on websites and on many messenger platforms such as Facebook messenger, Telegram, Slack, …

10
Q

General-Purpose, Speech-Based Conversational Agents

A

 Interaction via speech
 Can basically answer any question and support users in finding information or accomplishing basic tasks
 Found on almost all new mobile devices
 Often called virtual or digital assistants

11
Q

Domain-Specific, Speech-Based Conversational Agents

A

 Interaction via speech
 Deployed to assist in a specific situation
 Examples can be found in modern cars or in border screening processes

12
Q

Classification of Conversational Agents (cont’d)

A

Natural language interface
- Text (e.g., Facebook bot)
- Speech (e.g., Amazon’s Alexa)
- Text & Speech (e.g., Microsoft Cortana)
Visual interface
- Disembodied (e.g. Apple’s Siri)
- Embodied (e.g., Facebook bot)
Dialog system
- Pattern matching (i.e., simple chatbots)
- Deep understanding (e.g. Apple’s Siri)

13
Q

Visual Representations of Conversational Agents

A

 Conversational agents often have some kind of visual (human-like) representation
 These agents are called embodied conversational agents
 Embodied conversational agents “are human-like virtual characters that can provide direct
and interactive communication with humans”.

(Garrido, Barrachina, Martinez, & Seron, 2017, p. 2)

14
Q

Technical Components of Conversational Agents

A

Main components
 Speech recognition: converts the speech input
into a string of words
 Spoken language understanding: interpret the user’s input and to extract a representation of its meaning
 Dialog management: tracks the state and flow of the conversation and controls how the system responds to the user’s input
 Response generation: Formulate a response in natural language
 Text-to-speech synthesis: converts the response string into speech output

15
Q

What is Driving the Evolution of Conversational Agents?

A

 Technological advances in Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, Natural Language Processing …
 Proliferation of messaging apps and available chatbots on this platforms, e.g., over 100,000 chatbots have been created in less than one year on Facebook Messenger (Johnson 2017)
 New device technologies are available at a reasonable price (e.g., smart phones, smart devices)
 Increased connectivity (e.g. free WiFi, 4G, etcs)
 Huge investments by major technology companies
 By 2020, the average person will have more conversations with bots than with their spouse (Gartner
2016, p. 3)

16
Q

Definition - personal digital assistant

A

A personal digital assistant is a meta-layer of intelligence that
sits on top of other services and applications and performs actions
using these services and applications to fulfill the user’s intent.

17
Q

personal digital assistant - User’s intent could be

A

 explicit, where the user commands the
system to perform an action, or
 inferred, where the agent notifies or makes suggestions upon evaluation of one or more triggering conditions it has been tracking.

18
Q

personal digital assistant - PDAs make use of some core set of technologies, such as

A
 machine learning,
 question answering, dialog management
 speech recognition, language generation, text-to-speech synthesis
 data mining, analytics, inference, and
personalization.
19
Q

PDAs support / assist users

A

 getting things done (e.g., setting up an alarm/reminder/meeting, taking notes, creating lists)
 provide easy access to personal/external structured data, web services, and applications (e.g., finding the user’s documents, locating a place, making reservations, playing music).
 In their daily schedule and routine by serving notifications and alerts based on contextual information (e.g. time, user location, and feeds/information)
 Make users more productive in managing his or her work and personal life.

20
Q

Computer Are Social Actors (CASA)

A

 Users mindlessly apply social rules and expectations in their interaction with computers that use natural language or display other human characteristics (Nass et al. 1994, Nass & Moon 2000)
 Reeves and Nass introduced the CASA-paradigm and showed that human-computer interaction is fundamentally social and natural (Reeves & Nass, 1998). They analyzed this phenomenon in various studies and proved that humans react to computers in a similar way as they do towards other humans (Nass et al., 1994; Nass & Moon, 2000; Reeves & Nass, 1998).

21
Q

Social Cues

A

 A cue is “any feature of the world, animate or inanimate, that can be used by individuals as a guide to future actions”
 Help to clarify people’s meanings and intentions
 Influence various social processes (e.g., communication)
 Examples in human-human interaction:
 Facial expressions (e.g., smiling)
 German forms of address (e.g., Du vs. Sie)
 …

22
Q

Definition - Social Cues

A

Social cues as design features of a conversational agent that
automatically trigger emotional, cognitive, or behavioral reactions
by the user that are appropriate when directed at other humans
but inappropriate when directed at conversational agents

23
Q

CASA paradigm

A

Social cues from computers trigger mindless responses from humans, no matter how rudimentary those cues are

  • Cues: A technology possesses characteristics normally associated with humans. They trigger….
  • Mindless Behavior: Application of various scripts, labels, and expectations in accordance with prior experiences. Result in …
  • Social Responses: Emotional, cognitive, or behavioral reactions similar to reactions shown during interactions with humans
24
Q

Anthropomorphism

A

Anthropomorphism is the attribution of human-like physical or non-physical features, behavior, emotions, characteristics and attributes to a non-human agent or to an inanimate object