👋Coordination and Control🧠 Flashcards
1
Q
Neurone
A
A nerve cell
2
Q
Synapse
A
Small gaps between neurones
3
Q
CNS
A
Central Nervous System
4
Q
CNS
A
- part of nervous system
- links receptors and effectors
5
Q
What does the CNS contain?
A
- brain 🧠
- spinal cord
6
Q
Reflex arc
A
Pathway of neurones in a reflex action
7
Q
Neurone function
A
Carries information in the form of small electrical charges
8
Q
Nerve impulses
A
- Information
- in the form of small electrical charges
- carried by neurones
9
Q
Stimulus
A
Anything we respond to
10
Q
What do stimuli affect?
A
Receptors in the body
11
Q
What happens when a receptor is stimulated?
A
Causes an effector e.g muscle to produce response
12
Q
What has a coordinating role?
A
CNS
13
Q
Voluntary response
A
- conscious control involved
- slower speed of action
14
Q
Conscious control
A
Brain + thinking time
15
Q
Reflex action
A
- no conscious control involved
- fast speed of action
16
Q
Reflex
A
Automatic and often protective
17
Q
Reflex arc
A
Pathway of neurones in a reflex action
18
Q
Association neurone
A
- connector
- joins the sensory and motor neurones
19
Q
Sensory neurone
A
carries nerve impulses from receptors to spinal cord
20
Q
Motor neurone
A
carries nerve impulses from spinal cord back to muscle (effector) causing response
21
Q
Where do the three neurones link?
A
Grey matter (butterfly shaped part) 🦋⚫️⚪️
22
Q
Order part of spinal cord
A
White matter ⚪️
23
Q
Branched ends
A
- Part of neurone
- make connections with many other nerve cells
24
Q
What are neurones surrounded by?
A
Insulating myelin sheath🧣
25
Axon
Gives neurone its long length
26
Myelin sheath
- insulates
- enables impulses to be conducted faster
27
Synapses allow?
Allow nerve impulses to pass from one neurone to adjacent neurone
28
Synaptic transmission step 1
- nerve impulse reaches the end of neurone
- special chemicals – transmitter chemicals – released from vesicles
- diffuse across short gap between neurones
29
Where transmitter chemicals are released from
Vesticles ⚽️ ⚽️
30
Synaptic transmission step 2
If enough transmitter diffuses across got nerve impulse is triggered in next neurone
31
Synaptic transmission
Chemical
32
Nerve impulses – transmission in neurones
Electrical
33
Hormone
- **Chemical messengers** produced by **glands**
- travels in the **blood** to bring about a response in a **target organ**
34
Nervous system, communication
Electrical impulses along neurones
Fast acting
35
Hormone method of communication
- Chemicals in blood
- usually slow acting
36
Insulin
- Hormone
- Lowers blood glucose concentrations
37
How insulin lowers blood glucose
- liver + muscle 💪 cells to absorb more glucose from the blood
- used for respiration 🫁
- converted into glycogen in liver- storage 📦
38
Where insulin is produced
Pancreas
39
What is the pancreas?
A gland
40
What is the target organ for insulin?
Liver
41
Insulin affect blood glucose concentration
Lowers/reduces
42
Why the body need glucose in the blood
Glucose transported to body cells to provide energy in respiration
43
Why concentration of insulin in the blood is usually at its lowest in the middle of the night
- Glucose concentrations will also be low at night
- glucose from last meal is used up in respiration or converted to glycogen for storage
44
Negative feedback
- homeostatic mechanism
- Body detects a change
- Makes an adjustment to return levels to normal
45
What are many negative feedback mechanisms in the body control by?
Hormones
46
What is the concentration of insulin released determined by?
Concentration of glucose in the blood
47
Symptoms of diabetes
- High blood glucose concentration
- Glucose in urine
- lethargy
- thirst
48
Diabetes
Condition in which the blood glucose control mechanism fails
49
Type one diabetes
Insulin is not produced by the pancreas
50
What is type one diabetes not caused by
Lifestyle
51
Type two diabetes
Insulin is produced but stops working properly or pancreas does not produce enough insulin
52
Treatment for type two diabetes
Controlled by diet initially, but later requires medication and/or insulin injections
53
Type one diabetes treatment
- Insulin injections for life
- Controlled diet and exercise for life
54
Type two diabetes, preventative measures
- Exercise
- reduce sugar intake
- avoid obesity
55
Long-term effects of badly treated diabetes
- eye damage 👁️
- heart disease 🫀
- strokes🔥
- kidney damage 👦🦵 🔥
56
What is the number of people who suffer from diabetes doing?
Increasing rapidly
57
What’s happening to the cost of treatment of diabetes?
Becoming very high
58
What is an increase in the number of people with type two diabetes link to?
- Poor diet 🍔
- Lack of exercise 🚫🏃♀️
59
Excretion
Removal of waste products from the body
60
Examples of excretion
- carbon dioxide during breathing 😮💨
- urea in the kidneys
61
Osmoregulation
Controlling the water balance in the body 💧🕺
62
Homeostasis
Maintaining a **constant internal environment** in the body for the **proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response** to internal and external **change**
63
What can happen when homeostasis is achieved?
The proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response to change
64
How do we gain water
- Drinking liquids 🥤
- In food 🥘
- Water produced in body cells as waste product in respiration 🫁
65
Examples of losing water
- Evaporation of sweat 😅
- breathing out water vapour 😮💨💦
- urine 🚽
66
What can be “fine tuned” to control water balance?
Amount of water lost in urine 🚽
67
Function of the kidney
- Organ
- controls water balance
68
How does the kidney control water balance?
Controlling amount of water that is reabsorbed back into blood during filtering process
69
What is the amount of water reabsorbed controlled by?
Antidiuretic hormone
70
What happens if blood is too concentrated
More antidiuretic hormone is released
71
What does more antidiuretic hormone being produced result in?
- More water reabsorption
- less urine produced
72
Blood too dilute
Too much water in blood ⬆️💧🩸
73
Blood too concentrated
Too little water in blood ⬇️💧🩸
74
Blood too concentrated kidney response
Kidney reabsorbs more water back into blood ⬆️💧and less urine is produced ⬇️ 🟢
75
Too much water in blood kidney response
Kidney reabsorbs less water back into blood ⬇️💧🩸
- more urine is produced ⬆️🟢
76
What can the kidney do to do water balance?
Control it by reabsorbing more or less water back in the blood (following filtration) depending on concentration of blood
77
Two main functions of kidney
- Excretion 🚽
- Osmoregulation ⬆️⬇️💧🩸
78
Antidiuretic hormone
Controls amount of water reabsorbed back in the blood 💧➡️🩸
