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GCSE CCEA Biology Unit 1 > 👋Coordination and Control🧠 > Flashcards

👋Coordination and Control🧠 Flashcards

1
Q

Neurone

A

A nerve cell

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2
Q

Synapse

A

Small gaps between neurones

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3
Q

CNS

A

Central Nervous System

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4
Q

CNS

A
  • part of nervous system
  • links receptors and effectors
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5
Q

What does the CNS contain?

A
  • brain 🧠
  • spinal cord
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6
Q

Reflex arc

A

Pathway of neurones in a reflex action

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7
Q

Neurone function

A

Carries information in the form of small electrical charges

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8
Q

Nerve impulses

A
  • Information
  • in the form of small electrical charges
  • carried by neurones
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9
Q

Stimulus

A

Anything we respond to

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10
Q

What do stimuli affect?

A

Receptors in the body

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11
Q

What happens when a receptor is stimulated?

A

Causes an effector e.g muscle to produce response

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12
Q

What has a coordinating role?

A

CNS

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13
Q

Voluntary response

A
  • conscious control involved
  • slower speed of action
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14
Q

Conscious control

A

Brain + thinking time

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15
Q

Reflex action

A
  • no conscious control involved
  • fast speed of action
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16
Q

Reflex

A

Automatic and often protective

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17
Q

Reflex arc

A

Pathway of neurones in a reflex action

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18
Q

Association neurone

A
  • connector
  • joins the sensory and motor neurones
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19
Q

Sensory neurone

A

carries nerve impulses from receptors to spinal cord

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20
Q

Motor neurone

A

carries nerve impulses from spinal cord back to muscle (effector) causing response

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21
Q

Where do the three neurones link?

A

Grey matter (butterfly shaped part) 🦋⚫️⚪️

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22
Q

Order part of spinal cord

A

White matter ⚪️

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23
Q

Branched ends

A
  • Part of neurone
  • make connections with many other nerve cells
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24
Q

What are neurones surrounded by?

A

Insulating myelin sheath🧣

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25
Q

Axon

A

Gives neurone its long length

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26
Q

Myelin sheath

A
  • insulates
  • enables impulses to be conducted faster
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27
Q

Synapses allow?

A

Allow nerve impulses to pass from one neurone to adjacent neurone

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28
Q

Synaptic transmission step 1

A
  • nerve impulse reaches the end of neurone
  • special chemicals – transmitter chemicals – released from vesicles
  • diffuse across short gap between neurones
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29
Q

Where transmitter chemicals are released from

A

Vesticles ⚽️ ⚽️

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30
Q

Synaptic transmission step 2

A

If enough transmitter diffuses across got nerve impulse is triggered in next neurone

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31
Q

Synaptic transmission

A

Chemical

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32
Q

Nerve impulses – transmission in neurones

A

Electrical

33
Q

Hormone

A
  • Chemical messengers produced by glands
  • travels in the blood to bring about a response in a target organ
34
Q

Nervous system, communication

A

Electrical impulses along neurones
Fast acting

35
Q

Hormone method of communication

A
  • Chemicals in blood
  • usually slow acting
36
Q

Insulin

A
  • Hormone
  • Lowers blood glucose concentrations
37
Q

How insulin lowers blood glucose

A
  • liver + muscle 💪 cells to absorb more glucose from the blood
  • used for respiration 🫁
  • converted into glycogen in liver- storage 📦
38
Q

Where insulin is produced

A

Pancreas

39
Q

What is the pancreas?

A

A gland

40
Q

What is the target organ for insulin?

A

Liver

41
Q

Insulin affect blood glucose concentration

A

Lowers/reduces

42
Q

Why the body need glucose in the blood

A

Glucose transported to body cells to provide energy in respiration

43
Q

Why concentration of insulin in the blood is usually at its lowest in the middle of the night

A
  • Glucose concentrations will also be low at night
  • glucose from last meal is used up in respiration or converted to glycogen for storage
44
Q

Negative feedback

A
  • homeostatic mechanism
  • Body detects a change
  • Makes an adjustment to return levels to normal
45
Q

What are many negative feedback mechanisms in the body control by?

A

Hormones

46
Q

What is the concentration of insulin released determined by?

A

Concentration of glucose in the blood

47
Q

Symptoms of diabetes

A
  • High blood glucose concentration
  • Glucose in urine
  • lethargy
  • thirst
48
Q

Diabetes

A

Condition in which the blood glucose control mechanism fails

49
Q

Type one diabetes

A

Insulin is not produced by the pancreas

50
Q

What is type one diabetes not caused by

A

Lifestyle

51
Q

Type two diabetes

A

Insulin is produced but stops working properly or pancreas does not produce enough insulin

52
Q

Treatment for type two diabetes

A

Controlled by diet initially, but later requires medication and/or insulin injections

53
Q

Type one diabetes treatment

A
  • Insulin injections for life
  • Controlled diet and exercise for life
54
Q

Type two diabetes, preventative measures

A
  • Exercise
  • reduce sugar intake
  • avoid obesity
55
Q

Long-term effects of badly treated diabetes

A
  • eye damage 👁️
  • heart disease 🫀
  • strokes🔥
  • kidney damage 👦🦵 🔥
56
Q

What is the number of people who suffer from diabetes doing?

A

Increasing rapidly

57
Q

What’s happening to the cost of treatment of diabetes?

A

Becoming very high

58
Q

What is an increase in the number of people with type two diabetes link to?

A
  • Poor diet 🍔
  • Lack of exercise 🚫🏃‍♀️
59
Q

Excretion

A

Removal of waste products from the body

60
Q

Examples of excretion

A
  • carbon dioxide during breathing 😮‍💨
  • urea in the kidneys
61
Q

Osmoregulation

A

Controlling the water balance in the body 💧🕺

62
Q

Homeostasis

A

Maintaining a constant internal environment in the body for the proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response to internal and external change

63
Q

What can happen when homeostasis is achieved?

A

The proper functioning of cells and enzymes in response to change

64
Q

How do we gain water

A
  • Drinking liquids 🥤
  • In food 🥘
  • Water produced in body cells as waste product in respiration 🫁
65
Q

Examples of losing water

A
  • Evaporation of sweat 😅
  • breathing out water vapour 😮‍💨💦
  • urine 🚽
66
Q

What can be “fine tuned” to control water balance?

A

Amount of water lost in urine 🚽

67
Q

Function of the kidney

A
  • Organ
  • controls water balance
68
Q

How does the kidney control water balance?

A

Controlling amount of water that is reabsorbed back into blood during filtering process

69
Q

What is the amount of water reabsorbed controlled by?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

70
Q

What happens if blood is too concentrated

A

More antidiuretic hormone is released

71
Q

What does more antidiuretic hormone being produced result in?

A
  • More water reabsorption
  • less urine produced
72
Q

Blood too dilute

A

Too much water in blood ⬆️💧🩸

73
Q

Blood too concentrated

A

Too little water in blood ⬇️💧🩸

74
Q

Blood too concentrated kidney response

A

Kidney reabsorbs more water back into blood ⬆️💧and less urine is produced ⬇️ 🟢

75
Q

Too much water in blood kidney response

A

Kidney reabsorbs less water back into blood ⬇️💧🩸
- more urine is produced ⬆️🟢

76
Q

What can the kidney do to do water balance?

A

Control it by reabsorbing more or less water back in the blood (following filtration) depending on concentration of blood

77
Q

Two main functions of kidney

A
  • Excretion 🚽
  • Osmoregulation ⬆️⬇️💧🩸
78
Q

Antidiuretic hormone

A

Controls amount of water reabsorbed back in the blood 💧➡️🩸

GCSE CCEA Biology Unit 1 (10 decks)

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