Coordination and Control In Humans

Question 1

What receptor is for sight and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 1

Rod or cone cell in retina
Light

Question 2

What receptor is for taste and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 2

Taste buds on tongue
Chemical potential

Question 3

What receptor is for smell and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 3

Olfactory cells in nose
Chemical potential

Question 4

What receptor is for pressure and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 4

Pacinian corpuscles in skin
Movement and pressure

Question 5

What receptor is for touch and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 5

Meissner’s corpuscles
Movement and pressure

Question 6

What receptor is for temperature and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 6

Ruffini’s ending in skin
Heat

Question 7

What receptor is for placement of limbs and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 7

Proprioceptors (stretch receptors)
Mechanical displacement/stretching

Question 8

What receptor is for balance and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 8

Hair cells in semicircular canals in ear
Movement

Question 9

What receptor is for hearing and what is its energy of stimulus

Answer 9

Hair cells in cochlea
Sound

Question 10

Striated muscle

Answer 10

Type of muscle tissue in skeletal muscles. The muscle fibre haves regular striations that can be seen under light microscope

Question 11

Cells surface membrane of a muscle fibre

Answer 11

Sarcolemma

Question 12

The cytoplasm of muscle cells

Answer 12

Sarcoplasm

Question 13

Receptor cell

Answer 13

A cell that responds to a particular stimulus by initiating an action potential

Question 14

How does thickness of exons affect transmission speed

Answer 14

Thicker axons transmit impulses faster than thin ones as their resistance to the flow of ions is less. In small axons organelles makes less space for ions

Question 15

Transducer

Answer 15

Converts one form of energy to another

Question 16

Where are transducers found

Answer 16

Sensory organs

Question 17

Specialised cells

Answer 17

Detect a specific stimulus and influence electrical activity of a spectate sensory neurone

Question 18

What parts of sensory neurones are receptors

Answer 18

The ends

Question 19

Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 19

Mechanoreceptor found deep in the skin made up of sensory neurones with named nerve ending surrounded by capsule

Question 21

What is the Pacinian corpuscle capsule made of

Answer 21

Concentric rings (lamellae) floating in a viscous gel

Question 22

What happens when pressure is applied to Pacinian corpuscle

Answer 22

Firm pressure deforms naked neurone
Light pressure is absorbed by many rings and gel

Question 23

What happens when naked neurone in Pacinian corpuscle is deformed

Answer 23

Sodium channels open and neurone depolarises and action potential is triggered

Question 24

8 steps stimulus to nerve impulse detection of salty food

Answer 24

Sodium ions diffuse through highly selective channel proteins in csm of microvili of chemoreceptors cells in taste buds
2 cms is depolarised
3 incrwae in positive charge jn cell- receptor potential
4 enough sodium ions in mouth- large receptor potential- voltage gated calcium ion channels open
5 Valium ions renter cytoplasm
6 vesicles containing neurotransmittter move tk cms and release neurotransmitter by exocytosis
7 if stimulus is above threshold action potential stimulated
8 sensory neurone transmits nerve impulses to taste centre in cerebral cortex of brain

Question 26

Neurone

Answer 26

A nerve cell

Question 27

Nerve

Answer 27

A bundle of neurones/ nerve cells

Question 28

Differences between motor and sensory cell

Answer 28

Cell body at end vs part way along Located in grey matter in the middle of spinal chord vs dorsal root ganglion Cns to effector vs receptor to cns Stimulates muscles to contract vs transmits information about stimulus to cns

Question 29

Relay neurones are also known as

Answer 29

Multipolar neurones

Question 30

What do dendrites do

Answer 30

Receive signals at synapses

Question 31

Are relay neurones mainly myelinated or unmylinated

Answer 31

Unmylinated

Question 32

What are thick filaments made from

Answer 32

Myosin

Question 33

What are thin filaments made from

Answer 33

Actin

Question 34

H band

Answer 34

Only myosin filaments present

Question 35

I band

Answer 35

Only thin actin filaments present

Question 36

A band

Answer 36

Contains areas where only myosin filaments are present and where myosin and actin overlap

Question 37

M line

Answer 37

Attachment for myosin filaments

Question 38

Z line

Answer 38

Attachment for actin filaments in the middle of I band

Question 39

Sarcomere

Answer 39

Section of myofibril between two z lines

Question 40

What blocks the myosin binding sites on actin

Answer 40

Tropomyosin

Question 41

What part of myosin binds to actin

Answer 41

Myosin heads

Question 42

Events of muscle contraction

Answer 42

1 Nerve impulse reaches presynaptic bulb and and calcium diffuses in 2 calcium causes vesicle with acetylcholine to fuse with the membrane and diffuse across synaptic cleft to the muscle fibre binding to receptors on sarcolemma 3 Na+ channels open in sarcolemma beginning action potential 4 action potential spreads across surface and down t tubules 5 calcium channels in sarcoplasmic reticulum open releasing calcium ions into sr 6 calcium bind to troponin and tropomyosin uncover myosin binding sites 7 myosin heads bind and and change their angle pulling on the actin to shorten muscle aka power stroke 8 atp is required to detach myosin from actin and cock the heads back 9 z lines move towards each other and each sarcomere shortens by about 10nm 10 process repeats until the signal from the nerve stops and calcium ions are pumped back

Question 43

Striated muscle

Answer 43

Muscle in skeletal tissue. Muscle have regular striations seen under light microscope

Question 44

Sarcolemma

Answer 44

The cell surface membrane of a muscle fibre

Question 45

Sarcoplasm

Answer 45

Cytoplasm of muscle cell

Question 46

Sarcolemma deep unfolding a are know as

Answer 46

Transverse system tubules or T-tubules for short

Question 47

What pumps do the membranes of the sr have

Answer 47

Protein lumps to transport calcium into the lumen of the sr

Question 48

The Sarcoplasm contains a lot of which organelles and why

Answer 48

Mitochondria packed tightly beteen myofibrils to carry out aerobic respiration generating ATP for muscle contraction

Question 49

Myofibril

Answer 49

Cylindrical bundle of thick and thin filaments inside a muscle fibrr

Question 50

Striated, cardiac and smooth muscle appearance

Answer 50

Stripes and regular intervals, stripes at regular intervals and no stirations

Question 51

Cell structure of striated, cardiac and smooth muscle

Answer 51

Multinucleate, uninucleate cells joined by intercalate discs and uninucleate cells

Question 52

Are smooth muscle proteins organised into myofibrils

Answer 52

No

Question 53

Distribution of of striated, cardiac and smooth muscle in body

Answer 53

Muscles stretched to skeleton, heart and tubular structures like blood vessels and fallopian tubes

Question 54

Control of of striated, cardiac and smooth muscle

Answer 54

Neurogenic myogenic and neurogenic

Question 55

What is myosin

Answer 55

A fibrous protein with a globular head

Question 56

What are the names of the chains twisted together and twisted around actin

Answer 56

Tropomyosin and troponin

Question 57

Which protein wrapped around actin is fibrous

Answer 57

Tropomyosin

Question 58

Where does calcium bind to

Answer 58

Troponin

Question 59

What is the sliding filament model

Answer 59

Mechanism of muscle contraction. The sarcomeres in each myofibrils get shorted as the z discs are pulled close together

Question 60

What happens when calcium ions bind to troponin

Answer 60

They change shape and both troponin and Tropomyosin molecules move to a different position on the thin filament exposing myosin binding sites on the actin

Question 61

What happens when myosin heads move

Answer 61

They pull the actin filaments along towards the centre of the sarcomere

Question 62

What happens after actin filaments are pulled towards centre of sarcomere

Answer 62

The heads hydrolyse ATP molecules providing enough energy to let go of the actin

Question 63

What happens when head lets go of actin

Answer 63

Heads move back to previous position and bind to next site

Question 64

parts of nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 64

Brain, spinal chord, neurones vs glands

Question 65

Type of messengers nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 65

electrical impulses vs hormones

Question 66

Method of transmission of nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 66

Neurones vs blood

Question 67

effectors nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 67

muscles/glands vs target cells in specific tissues

Question 68

speed of transmission nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 68

very fast vs slower

Question 69

duration of effect nervous vs endocrine system

Answer 69

short until electrical impulses stop vs longer until hormone is broken down