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biology > disease infection and immunity > Flashcards

disease infection and immunity Flashcards

1
Q

pathogen that causes cholera

A

vibrio cholerae

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2
Q

pathogen that causes malaria

A

plasmodium vivax/ovale/malariae

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3
Q

pathogen that causes tuberculosis

A

mycobacterium tuberculosis

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4
Q

pathogen that causes HIV/aids

A

human immunodeficiency virus

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5
Q

how is it transmitted and how to prevent cholera

A

water and food sources
improve sanitation and hygiene

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6
Q

how is it transmitted and how to prevent malaria

A

infected female mosquitos
reduce number of mosquitos and prevent biting mosquito nets, Destroy habitat

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7
Q

how is it transmitted and how to prevent tuberculosis

A

airborne water droplets from coughing and sneezing
use tb vaccine, cover mouth and nose when coughing and sneezing, dont come in contact with others

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8
Q

how is it transmitted HIV

A

sexually transmitted and in bodily fluids like blood
take him medicine, use clean needles, screen blood donations to make sure they are not HIV positive

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9
Q

why do antibiotics not affect viruses

A

virus dont have a cell wall which can be attacked by antobiotics
virus reproduce in host cell

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10
Q

penicillin acting on bacteria

A

autolysins hydrolyse peptide bonds which allow bacterial growth. penicillin irreversibly binds to the enzyme transpeptidase that form peptide bonds. As the cell grows autolysins continue to break down the cell wall and it becomes so weak the cells bursts due to somatic pressure

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11
Q

neutrophil mode of action

A

chemotaxis
antibodies stimulate neutrophils to attack pathogens
endocytosis
secret digestive enzyme from lysosome into vacuole
neutrophils die

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12
Q

self-antigen vs non-self antigen

A

non-self is any substance ore cell recognised by the immune system as foreign, stimulates an immune response
self- any substance produced by the body and does not stimulate an immune response

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13
Q

primary immune response

A

when the body encounters a pathogen for the first time the immune system initiates antibody production which destroys the pathogen

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14
Q

role of memory cells in secondary immune system

A

t and b memory cells are also produced so if body were to encounter same pathogen again it would immediately destroy it

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15
Q

natural passive immunity

A

a mother passes on antibodies to baby through placenta

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16
Q

active natural immunity

A

individual develops the disease and the immune system makes antibodies and memory cells

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17
Q

lobed nucleus, granular cytoplasm, most common phagocyte(60%)

A

neutrophil

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17
Q

why does neutrophil need lots of lysosomes

A

carrying out phagocytosis needs to break down pathogens

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17
Q

bean shaped nucleus and non-granular cytoplasm

A

macrophage

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18
Q

macrophage is a matured

A

monocyte

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19
Q

non granular cytoplasm and large round nucleus

A

lymphocyte

20
Q

what’s bigger red or white blood cell

A

white blood cells are bigger

21
Q

phagocytes are produced in the

A

bone marrow

22
Q

neutrophils patrol tissues

A

constantly travel in blood

23
Q

are neutrophils long or short lived

A

short, they die after phagocytosis and from pus

24
Q

chemotaxis

A

histamine released by cells under attack and the presence of antibodies attract neutrophils to site where pathogens are located

25
Q

macrophages dont remain in blood they travel to

A

lungs, liver,spleen,kidney,lymph nodes

26
Q

what’s bigger lymphocyte or phagocyte

A

phagocyte

27
Q

lymphocytes are made in the

A

bone marrow

28
Q

T cells mature in the

A

thymus

29
Q

B cells mature in the

A

bone marrow

30
Q

b and T cell receptor differences

A

B cell has glycoprotein antibody receptor

31
Q

antibody structure

A

2 light 2 heavy chains
disulphide bonds linking chains
variable region(antigen binding site)
hinge region

32
Q

maturing of b lymphocytes

A

genes that code for antibody change so it codes for one specific antibody
specialised B cell divides via mitosis to produced clones with the same type of antibody
antibodies can bond to specific antigens

33
Q

b lymphocytes during immune response

A

clonal selection
clonal expansion
some daughter cells become plasma cells and other cells become memory cells

34
Q

plasma cells

A

produce antibodies and secrete them into blood lymph and lining of lungs which bind to antigens

35
Q

clonal expansion

A

rapid mitosis of specific antibody producing cells

36
Q

clonal selection

A

identification of an antibody producing cell with complementary receptors to the shape of a specific antigen

37
Q

memory cells

A

memory cells produced in primary response divide by mitosis and develop into plasma cells and more memory cells. specific anitobides can be produced quickly and in large quantities before symptoms of the pathogen develop

38
Q

memory cells provide

A

immunological memory

39
Q

plasma cell adaptations

A

extensive network of rer for protein synthesis and many mitochondria to provide app for protein synthesis and movement of exocytosis

40
Q

functions of T cells during immune response

A

antigen presentation attracts T cells and stimulates them to divide by mitosis

41
Q

t helper cells are activated by

A

antigen presenting macrophage or infected body cell

42
Q

what do helper t cells do

A

release chemicals called cytokines stimulating B cells to divide by mitosis and form plasma and memory cells and cytokines that stimulate killer T cells to divide by mitosis and differentiate by producing vacuoles full of toxins

43
Q

what to killer T cells do

A

their receptors bind to the non self antigens on the cell surface membrane of the infected cells and the killer T cells attach themselves tot eh surface on infected cells. they punch hole in the cell surface membrane of the infected body cells
they infect the body cell and the pathogen inside

44
Q

what are killer T cells activated by

A

antigen presenting macrophages or infected body cells or helper T cells

45
Q

active artificial immunity

A

vaccine injects inactive pathogen to activate an immune response and antibody production

46
Q

passive artificial immunity

A

injection of antibodies from another animal

47
Q

non specific responses of body

A

phagocytosis
inflammation
interferon

48
Q

t helper cells

A

stimulate B cells and t killer cells to divide

49
Q

t killer cells

A

destroy pathogen infected cells by punching hole in cell membrane

50
Q

long term use of memory cells

A

replicate themselves when exposed to invading pathogen and remain in the lymph nodes searching for the same antigen resulting in a much faster immune response

biology (13 decks)

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