COPD

Question 1

a complete or partial collapse of the entire lung or area (lobe) of the lung

Answer 1

Atelectasis

Question 2

A patient with COPD and is barrel chested. Immediately, you think of this COPD. Which is it?

Answer 2

Emphysema

Question 3

α 1 Anti Trypsin Deficiency is produced in

Answer 3

Liver

Question 4

Why do patients w emphysema often exhibit purse-lipped breathing?

Answer 4

inc airway pressure during expiration to reduce air trapping

Question 5

very good culture media for organisms to infect further respi system

Answer 5

Pneumonia

Question 6

due to backflow superior vena cava

Answer 6

JVD: Jugular Vein Distention

Question 7

Protease is an enzyme that _____ & _____

Answer 7

(1) breakdown protein
(2) target tissue

Question 8

ballooning appears at out periphery of lung, can further complicate into compression pneumothorax
-> large bulbus structure & rupture,

Answer 8

Paraseptal / Distal Acinar Emphysema

Question 9

Emphysema inflammatory process occurs in

Answer 9

Lungs

Question 10

Goblet cells are scattered throughout _____

Answer 10

pseudostratified cilited epithelium

Question 11

Causes of COPD (SEA)

Answer 11

(1) Smoking or Vaping
(2) Environmental
(3) Alpha 1 Anti Trypsin Deficiency

Question 12

Process to stimulate cough reflex

Answer 12

breath in → entrap particles in mucous → beating of cilia will bring particles away from air sacs → goes further to main bronchioles
→ trachea → pharynx = stimulate cough reflex

Question 13

Elastase is synthesized by ____ & ___

Answer 13

(1) Cytokines & (2) Neutrophils

Question 14

_____ undergoes phagocytosis, release inflammatory mediators ____ & cause inflammatory process

Answer 14

(1) Alveolar Macrophage
(2) Cytokines

Question 15

Normal ratio of respiration

Answer 15

0.8

Question 16

Inflammatory process (1) (2)

Answer 16

(1) Inc vasodilation & blood circulation
(2) Occurs in the lungs

Question 17

Sign & Symptoms of Chronic Bronchitis (OCC WIIDH)

Answer 17

(1) Obesity / Inc BMI
(2) Cyanosis (hypercapnea)
(3) Chronic productive cough (3 mos, 2 yrs)
(4) Wheezing upon exhalation
(5) Inc anteroposterior diameter of heart
(6) Inspiratory crackles/rales
(7) Dyspnea (diff breathing)
(8) Hyperresonance chest percussion on examination

Question 18

Risks may develop in CB

Answer 18

(1) Hypercapnea
(2) Hyperplasia
(3) Hypertrophy
(4) Hypoxia
(5) Ciliary Disfunction
(6) Pneumonia

Question 19

when mucous compresses or breaks w cilia

Answer 19

Ciliary disfunction

Question 20

Etiological bacteria in CB

Answer 20

1) H. Influenza
2) Moraxella catarrhalis

Question 21

____: enlargement of cells, _____: cell division

Answer 21

(1) Hypertrophy
(2) Hyperplasia

Question 22

A type of pulmonary emphysema mainly localized to the proximal respiratory bronchioles with focal destruction and predominantly found in the upper lung zones

Answer 22

centriacinar emphysema

Question 23

slight collapse of the respiratory passageways during exhalation

Answer 23

Bernoulli’s principle

Question 24

inc recoil, keeps air passageway open even during exhalation, w/o this it will cause tightening of passageway = total collapse

Answer 24

Elastin

Question 25

balloon/bulbul structure in lower lobe of lung

Answer 25

Panacinar Emphysema

Question 26

Cellular adaptation due to constant irritation of the respiratory tract includes hyperplasia and hypertrophy of which structure

Answer 26

mucous glands of the submucosal layer

Question 27

defensive mechanism (against irritation of pharynx or trapped material in pharynx)

Answer 27

Coughing

Question 28

due to backflow in lower extremities (LE)

Answer 28

Edema of Lower Extremities

Question 29

True or False In the formula of respiration V = Ventilation Q = Pressure

Answer 29

False, Perfussion

Question 30

Chronic bronchitis & emphysema may present at the same time.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

In examination of Chronic bronchitis, what type of cough is heard

Answer 31

gurgling cough (smokers cough / ubong kabayo)

Question 32

Substance produced by mucous to combat bac present

Answer 32

Alkaline

Question 33

True or False Emphysema: Lungs; Alpha 1 Anti Trypsin Deficiency: Liver

Answer 33

True

Question 34

True or False Barrel chested: inc anteroposterior & lateral diameter of chest

Answer 34

True

Question 35

results from high protons (acidic blood), highly dangerous

Answer 35

Respiratory Acidosis

Question 36

Sign & Symptoms of Emphysema (WEW BEH)

Answer 36

(1) Weight loss (2) Exhalation thru pursed lips (3) Wheezing upon exhalation (4) Barrel Chested (inc AP & lateral diameter of chest) (5) Early stages: proper oxygenation (6) Hyperesonance chest percussion during examination

Question 37

_____: infection scattered throughout lung; ___ infected: entire lobe

Answer 37

(1) Broncho pneumonia (2) Lobar pneumonia

Question 38

Right-side heart failure caused by chronic pulmonary hypertension.

Answer 38

- cor pulmonale

Question 39

due to backflow in hepatic in liver because of the backflow of inferior vena cava

Answer 39

Hepatomegaly or Splenomegaly

Question 40

A natural autoregulatory response in which the intrapulmonary arteries constrict in response to alveolar hypoxia, diverting blood to better-oxygenated lung segments, thereby optimizing ventilation/perfusion matching and systemic oxygen delivery

Answer 40

hypoxic/hypoxemic vasoconstriction

Question 41

How to attain 0.8 respiration in COPD w dec ventilation?

Answer 41

(1) Decrease perfusion by undergoing vasoconstriction (2) Detour the blood, bring circulation to other air sacs where proper ventilation can occur

Question 42

Mucous plug causes dec in oxygen & inc in carbon dioxide

Answer 42

Hypoxemia

Question 43

retention of carbon dioxide

Answer 43

Hypercapnea

Question 44

3 Categories of Emphysema

Answer 44

(1) Centriacinar emphysema (2) Panacinar Emphysema Paraseptal / Distal Acinar Emphysema

Question 45

Chronic bronchitis is mainly presented with excessive mucus production and which kind of cough that persists for months?

Answer 45

productive

Question 46

Alpha 1-antitrypsin produced by the liver functions in

Answer 46

inhibits protease activity

Question 47

Due to constant irritation, respi lining gets irritated: ___________ produce excessive amount of mucous

Answer 47

Mucous gland & Goblet cells

Question 48

True or False In Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency one copy alone can manifest a disease

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Excessive mucous will produce or cause (1) (2)

Answer 49

(1) Lumen of their passageway will become narrower (2) Mucous stays on respi tract

Question 50

The slight collapse of the respiratory passageways due to Bernoulli's principle occurs during which phase of ventilation?

Answer 50

expiration

Question 51

____ mucous prob: _____ structural prob:

Answer 51

(1) Chronic Bronchitis; (2) Emphysema

Question 52

a uniform dilatation of the air space from the respiratory bronchioles to the alveoli, resulting in evenly distributed emphysematous changes within secondary lobule. Predominates in lower lobe

Answer 52

Panacinar emphysema