core orgainc

Question 1

homologous series definition

Answer 1

a series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 2

radical definition

Answer 2

a species with an unpaired electron

Question 3

what is homo lytic fission

Answer 3

each bonding atom receiving one electron from the bonded pair, forming two radicals

Question 4

what is heterolytic fission

Answer 4

one bonding atom receiving both electrons from the bonded pair

Question 5

what does a curly arrow show

Answer 5

movement of an electron pair

Question 6

limitations of radical substitution in synthesis

Answer 6

formation of a mixture of organic products
further substitution
reactions at different positions in a carbon chain

Question 7

how can waste polymers be processed

Answer 7

combustion for energy production

use as an organic feedstock for the production of plastics and other organic chemicals

removal of toxic waste products

Question 8

preparation and purification of an organic liquid

Answer 8

add a neutralising agent eg Na2CO3

use of a separating funnel to remove an organic layer from an aqueous layer

drying with an anhydrous salt (e.g. MgSO4, CaCl 2)

redistillation

Question 9

what does IR radiation do to covalent bonds

Answer 9

causes covalent bonds to
vibrate more and absorb energy

Question 10

the absorption of what radiation by atmospheric gases (e.g. CO2, H2O and CH4) is linked to global warming

Answer 10

infrared

Question 11

what can infrared spectroscopy be used for

Answer 11

to monitor gases causing air pollution (e.g. CO and NO from car emissions)

in modern breathalysers to measure ethanol in the breath

Question 12

uses of CFCs

Answer 12

aerosols
refrigerators

Question 13

what happens to CFCs in the presence of UV

Answer 13

C- Cl bond breaks down
as it has a lower bond enthalpy than C- F

Question 14

equations for breakdown of ozone by chlorine radicals
starting w CFC: CF2Cl2

Answer 14

CF2Cl2 > CF2Clº + Clº

Clº + O3 > ClOº + O2
ClOº + O > Clº + O2

Question 15

overall equation for breakdown of ozone

Answer 15

O3 + O > 2O2

Question 16

equations for breakdown of ozone by NO radicals

Answer 16

NOº + O3 > NO2º + O2
NO2º + O > NOº + O2

Question 17

in TLC, do substances more strongly adsorbed onto the stationary phase move more or less

Answer 17

less

Question 18

is a sigma or pi bond stronger

Answer 18

sigma

Question 19

Why do alkanes have low reactivity

Answer 19

High bond enthalpy, very low polarity of the sigma bonds present

Question 20

Sigma bond

Answer 20

Overlap of orbitals directly between the bonding atoms

Question 21

Pi bond

Answer 21

Sideways overlap of adjacent p orbitals above and below the bonding C atoms

Question 22

Why are alkenes reactive

Answer 22

Relatively low bond enthalpy of pi bond

Question 23

Electrophile

Answer 23

An electron pair acceptor

Question 24

What are the benefits to the environment of developing biodegradable and photodegradable polymers

Answer 24

Reduced dependency on finite resources
Less problems from disposal of persistent plastic waste

Question 25

Nucleophile

Answer 25

Electron pair donor

Question 26

is cis trans same group or priority

Answer 26

same group

Question 27

is E Z same group or priority

Answer 27

priority

Question 28

which type of bonds are broken in the reaction of ethene and bromine

Answer 28

sigma and pi

Question 29

Greenhouse gases absorb

Answer 29

Infrared radiation

Question 30

Ozone layer absorbs

Answer 30

UV light