Core Terminology 2: Cell division Flashcards

1
Q

Gene

A

basic unit of a chromosome that controls a specific characteristic/trait

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2
Q

Chromatin network

A

chromosome material inside the nucleus when cells are NOT dividing (tangled mass)

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3
Q

Chromosome

A

linear collection of genes, made up of 2 chromatids joined by a centromere

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4
Q

Chromatid

A

individual strand of a chromosome

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5
Q

Centromere

A

joins 2 chromatids together

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6
Q

Homologous chromosome

A

pair of identical chromosomes, one from father (paternal) & one from mother (maternal)

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7
Q

Bivalent

A

2 homologous chromosomes intertwined

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8
Q

Diploid chromosome number (2n)

A

Double set of chromosomes that appear in each somatic cell

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9
Q

Haploid chromosome number (n)

A

Chromosome number of a gamete

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10
Q

Autosomes

A

normal body chromosomes (22pairs)

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11
Q

Gonosomes (2)

A

sex chromosomes; X and Y Male = XY Female = XX

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12
Q

Karyotype

A

complete set of chromosomes arranged in homologous pairs, according to size, number and shape

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13
Q

Genome

A

complete set of chromosomes with all the genes of an organism

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14
Q

Fertilisation

A

process where a sperm(n) fuse with an egg cell (n) to produce a zygote (2n)

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15
Q

Zygote

A

diploid fusion of sperm and egg

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16
Q

Mitosis

A

type of cell division where 2 identical cells are formed; chromosome number remains the same

17
Q

Meiosis

A

reduction division; where gametes are formed

18
Q

Crossing over

A

process for the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes

19
Q

Chiasma (ta)

A

point where homologous chromosomes overlap to exchange genetic material

20
Q

Cytokinesis

A

division of the cytoplasm

21
Q

Karyokinesis

A

division of nucleus

22
Q

Mutations

A

change in genetic composition (DNA) of an organism

23
Q

Down syndrome

A
  • genetic disorder where chromosome pair 21 consist of an extra chromosome,
  • 47 instead of 46 chromosomes in cell
  • chromosomal mutation
24
Q

Somatic cells

A

normal body cells; contains 46 chromosomes

25
Q

Gametes

A
  • sex cells;
  • sperm(males); ova (female)
  • Plants: pollen = male gametes Ovules = female gametes
26
Q

Gonads

A
  • sex organs that produces the gametes;
  • males testes;
  • females ovaries;
  • Plants: anther = male ovaries = female
27
Q

Non-disjunction

A

when homologous chromosomes in a bivalent do not separate during Anaphase I

28
Q

Centrosome

A

An organelle that is the main place where cell microtubules are organized.

29
Q

Centriole

A

A bound pair of centrioles makes up a centrosome. Important in forming the spindle fibres for cell division.