corrections chapter 5-8 Flashcards
study for crim (209 cards)
1
Q
Three steps of supervision
A
- P.O establishes relationship and defines roles
- Establish supervision goals
- Officer decides how to terminate probation
2
Q
what is a PSI
A
Pre Sentencing Investigation
3
Q
Presentnecing Investigation
A
serves mainly to help the judge select an appropriate sentence
4
Q
When is a PSI ordered
A
after the offenders conviction (normaly after a guilty plea)
5
Q
How does a PSI begin
A
normally by interviewing the offender to obtain basic background information
6
Q
PSI also includes statements from
A
- witnesses of the crime
- the investigating police officers
- victim or the next of kin
7
Q
Two techniques to improve validity and reliability for PSI’s
A
verification and objectivity
8
Q
verification
A
cross check info since most is hearasy
9
Q
objectivity
A
avoid vague conclusions about the case (hes immature)
10
Q
In the PSI, probation officers answer three questions
A
- What circumstances promote a sentence other than prison?
- What aggravating circumstances suggest that prison is the best alternative?
- Does the offender have special needs that the community would meet best?
11
Q
How offten do Judges follow PSI recomendations
A
70-90% of the time
12
Q
cleansing of a psi
A
redacts confindential comments and clinical statements
13
Q
williams v. new york (1949)
A
judge imposed death sentence and jur recomended life
14
Q
The supervisory Function
A
- Probation supervision follows universally accepted standards
- probation officer has the responsibility to develop a case plan that observes such standards
- Case plan prescribes a combination of activities and reporting features based on probationer needs
15
Q
3 major elements of supervision
A
- the officer
- the offender
- the bureacuracy
16
Q
Major conflict or Probation Officer
A
enforcing the law and helping the offender
17
Q
Peace officer statutes of Probabtion Officere
A
- In 20 jurisdictions, some or all probation officers are peace officers with full police powers of arrest/search warrant
- In 18 jurisdictions, the probation officer may arrest someone under their supervision or interfering with their duties; however, these officers do not have the peace officer status
- Ten jurisdictions specifically prohibit the probation officer from arresting anyone
- Three states have local options systems (california, ohio and pennsylvania)
18
Q
Probation officers in CT
A
can not carry fire arm
19
Q
motivational interviewing
A
This strategy allows an increase in the effectiveness of correctional treatment to promote the offender’s stake in the change process
20
Q
The Bureaucracy
A
- All supervision activities take place in the context of a bureaucratic organization
- Formal and Informal
21
Q
3 types of conditions imposed on a probationer
A
- curfew
- empolyment
- reporting to office
22
Q
punitive conditions
A
includes fines , community service and some form of restitution
23
Q
Treatment conditions
A
for the probationer to deal with a significant problem or need ( alcohol or anger managment)
24
Q
The effectiveness depends on several factors including:
A
Skill/Competence of officer
Availability of treatment services
Needs and motives of probationer
25
recidivism
The return of a former correctional client to criminal behavior as measured by arrests
26
Case management systems
help focus the supervision effort of probation officers on probationer problems
27
5 part model system
```
Statistical risk assessment
Systematic needs assessment
Contact supervision standards
Case planning
Workload accounting
```
28
Statistical risk assessment
Use of this reduces overprediction
29
Systematic needs assessment
Evaluating probationer’s problems according to a list of potential needs
30
Contact supervision standards
Spend time with clients that are “high risk”
31
Case planning
Supervision plan is put into writing
32
Workload accounting
The number of staff needed to effectively carry out the supervision
33
goal of case managment system
to identify which probationers need certain needs to be met, then to have the client in the most appropriate supervision setting
34
do most officers use the case managment priciples?
no
35
evidence based supervision
Researches systematically investigate the differences between programs that work; that reduce recidivism
36
4 principles of evidence based supervision
Risk principle
Supervision principle
Treatment principle
Referral principle
37
risk/supervision
focus on high risk problems
38
refferal
makes refferrals to treatment programs
39
Performance Based Supervision
approach emphasizes “results” in setting priorities and selecting events
40
Broken windows probation
New problem solving and partnership strategies
41
probation status end in two ways
Probation is successfully completed
| Probation is revoked due to misbehavior
42
Revocation and Termination of Probation
This means that the officer does not need a search warrant or probable cause
About 1/5 to 1/3 failed to abide by probation conditions
43
revocation process
Formal notice of specific charges is brought forth to offender
A preliminary hearing date is set
44
Americas prison population
93% by adult males
45
what is a prison
A prison is an institution operated by a state or federal government for the confinement of convicted offenders who have been sentenced to terms of more than one year
46
captal punishment in CT
Osborn C.I.
47
primary goal of prisons back in the day
custody
48
southern prisons back in the day
Prisoners used as farm labor
Racially segregated
Prisoners were not contained in massive stone and concrete walls like in the North
49
correctional institutions back in the day
These facilities in the 1960s/1970s were dominated by rehabilitation model
Security, discipline, and order still high priority
50
focus of prisons toda
crime control with primary emphasis being incarceration
51
Three models have predominated since the early 1940s:
Custodial
Rehabilitation
Reintegration
52
custodial
Emphasis on security, discipline, and order
| Incapacitation, deterrence, and retribution are focused goals
53
Goal for the C/Os is this custody piece
It is the C/Os responsibility to primarily maintain safety of the inmates and staff
Secondly, maintain order and discipline of the inmates
54
It is the C/Os responsibility to primarily maintain safety of the inmates and staff
Secondly, maintain order and discipline of the inmates
Emphasis on treatment programs to reform offender
| Security and housekeeping activities are preconditions for rehabilitative efforts
55
C/Os see incapacitation as the prison’s primary goal
To maintain security and control of the inmate population
56
Reintegration
Structures and goals of community corrections
57
Prison Systems
All 50 states and the federal government operate prisons
1,292 confinement facilities
283 are run by private companies
58
The Federal Prison System
Responsible for all persons charged or convicted of offenses against the United States:
59
focus of federal prison system
Severity of the instant offense
The time the inmate may serve
Inmate’s history of escape, violence, and incarceration
60
Prison makeup
57% white
40% black
93% male
61
2/3 of pretrial detainees are housed
in state or local facilities on a contractual basis
62
u.s. marshall service
responsible for the placing of these detainees
63
The Bureau of Prisons classifies using five different security levels
```
High
Medium
Low
Minimum
Administrative
```
64
super max in the 1960's
Alcatraz
65
super max in the 1980's
USP-Marion inillinois
66
super max today
USP-Florence in colorado
67
UNICOR
provides work assesments for about 20% offederal prisoners, formed in 1934
68
how much do inmates get paid
$.23 to $1.15 an hur
69
Drug Treatment
all federal facilities offer psychological or pschiatric counseling
70
Drug Education
an information-oriented program available to almost all inmates. Every year more than 15% of federal inmates participate
71
Nonresidential
Nonresidential-outpatient program consisting of individual and group counseling, self-help groups, and seminars. Less than 10 percent participate in this program
72
Residential
-About one half of federal facilities have this program. It reaches about 10 percent of the federal inmates with serious-drug related problems. There are roughly 1/3 of federal inmates with serious problems. The program is nine months of intensive individual and group counseling that is voluntary
73
state prison stems
executive branch of government administers prisons
74
Commissioners of corrections
responsible for the operation of prisons
75
warden or superintendent
reports directly to the commissioner or deputy commissioner
76
How many people workin state correctional institutions?
390,000
77
% of recidivists
44% rearested within a year of release
| 25% return to prison with in 3 years
78
Philadelphia’s Eastern Penitentiary
radial design
79
radial design
Cross-section of a spoked wheel
80
Telephone pole design
central corridor with Wings that are horizontal to the vertical corridor
81
Osborn C.I.
Telephone pole
82
courtyard style
The functional units of a prison are housed in separate buildings constructed on four sides of an open square
83
campus style
Relatively small housing units are scattered among the shops, school, dining hall, and other units
84
location of most prisons
Rural areas
85
% of inmates in medium security prisons
43%
86
% of inmates in minimum security prisons
19%
87
incarceration rates 1930-1980
139/100,000
88
incarceration rates 1980-1990
200/100,000
89
incarceration rates now
488/100,000
90
top 5 states
texas, louisiana, mississippi,oklahoma and alabama
91
of reasons for increased carceration in the u.s.
5
92
reason 1
Increased arrests resulting in more likely to receive a prison sentence
93
reason 2
Tougher sentencing
94
reason 3
Prison construction
95
reason 4
The war on drugs
96
reason 5
state and local politics
97
3 of statagies that states take to address the overcrowding
4
98
strategy 1
null strategy (do nothing)
99
strategy 2
Construction strategy (build more C.I.)
100
strategy 3
intermediate sanctions (after release from prison, continued to be punished)
101
strategy 4
backdoor strategies (get offenders out of prison before there time is up)
102
the inmate code
rules of cnduct reflecting the inmate values and norms
103
culture of maximum sectury male inmates
masculine
104
slang for a new inmate
Fish
105
slang for a sesoned inmate
shark
106
Prisonization
The customs are being absorbed and adaptation to the new environment begins
107
Right guys
an upholder of inmate values and intrests
108
Square john
an inmate with a noncriminal selfidentity
109
punk
a passive homosexual
110
rat
a snitch
111
gorilla/wolf
agressive inmate
112
Gresham sykes
coined the term "pains of imprisonment"
113
pains of inprisonment
described the inmate’s emotional loss of liberty, goods, and services, heterosexual relationships, autonomy, freedom of movement, and security
114
John Irwin and Donald Cresse
suggest that the prison subculture is actually three subcultures
115
convict
is found mostly among state raised youths who have been in and out and used to living in single-sex society
116
theif
consider crime as a career and are awaiting the “big score
117
straight
One time offenders who identify with staff
118
stratagies to surive in incarceration
1. doing time
2. gleaning
3. jailing
4. disorganized criminal
119
Doing time
stay out of trouble
120
gleaning
get the most out of being in prison (education, gym, self improvment)
121
jailing
jail is their home
122
disorganized criminal
Inmates who cannot develop any of the other three role orientations
123
sub rosa inmate economy
marketplace within the prison subculture (stolen food, drugs and pruno)
124
Gray market
Inmate exchange or barter scarce items for illegal or quasi-illegal commodities (drugs sex gambling debts)
125
black market
: Items themselves are illegal and considered contraband (cellphones, moon shine, illicit drugs)
126
women in prison
52% not white
37% between the age of 35-44
44% high school graduates
35% make up violent crimes
127
Cools
female inmates that minipulate other inmates to pass time
128
th mix
female inmates that cause trouble with staff and other inmates
129
squares
situational offender who want to do the right thing and rectify their mistakes
130
2008 incarceration rate of women
68/100,000
131
2 issues of female facilities
sexual misconduct by officers and mother child relationships
132
Predictive models
are designed to distinguish inmates based on escape, potential facility misconduct, and future criminal behavior
133
Equity-based models
use only a few explicitly defined legal variables reflecting current and previous criminal characteristics
134
piece price system
Inmates produce goods with raw materials provided by a contractor and the fees for their labor were paid to the prison
135
lease system
worked 12-16 hours days, contractor maintained inmate and provided funds to prisons to help them operate
136
public accoun system
prison purchasing machinery and raw materials with which inmates manufactured salable products
137
state use system
prison inmates making goods that are purchased by state institutions and agencies exclusively
138
Public Works and Ways System
Inmates work on public construction and maintenance projects
139
hawes cooper act
The act made all inmate-manufactured goods transported through a state subject to that state’s laws
140
the Ashurst-Sumners Act
Made it a crime for the interstate transport of prison made goods into a state that restricted their sale
141
psycotherapy
treatment of the mind
142
psychotrpic medication
drugs that lessen the severity of symptoms of psychological illness
143
reality thrapy
Treatment that emphasizes personal responsibility for actions and consequences
144
Confrontation therapy
Usually in a group setting where group members confront one another's rationalizations and manipulations common to criminal thoughts and actions
145
Transactional analysis
Focuses on the patterns of interactions with others
| Aim is to help people realize that their problems are commonly as a result of being angry and not responsible
146
Cognitive skill building
Changing the thought patterns that accompany criminal behavior
147
Estelle v. Gamble (1976)
Inmates have right to medical treatment while incarcerated
148
% of inmates with HCV
25%
149
formal organization
structure established for influencing behavior to achieve a particular goal
150
F.O.
created to achieve certain goals (Ford, Prison, Univ. of CT)
151
Remunerative Power
The ability to obtain compliance in exchange for material resources
152
Normative Power
maintain compliance by manipulating a symbolic reward
153
Coercive Power
This is the ability to obtain compliance from the applicant by threat of physical force
154
confinement model
punish offenders fairly and justly
155
confinemnt model 5 main objectives
1. keep them in
2. keep them safe
3. keep them in line
4. keep them healthy
5. keep them busy
156
a warden
ultimately responsible for the operation of the institution
157
Deputy wardens
oversee various functional divisions
158
concepts of organization
organize the functioning of hierarchically structured prisons
159
unity ofcommand
subordinate only reporting to one supervisor
160
chain of command
A series of positions whereas each person received orders from above and issues orders below
161
span of cntrol
Management principle holding that a supervisor can effectively oversee only a limited number of subordinates
162
line personnel
Directly concerned with furthering the institution’s goals
163
staff personnel
Support line personnel working under deputy warden for management
164
inmate balance theory (clemmer and sykes)
This suggests that for a prison to operate effectively, staff must tolerate minor infractions, relax security measures, and allow inmate leaders to keep order
165
administrative control theory (john DiIulio)
unstable, divided, or otherwise weak management
166
New Jersey State Prison – Gresham Sykes
Public would not tolerate the physical coercion until cooperate and social isolation. Public wants prisons to be run humanly in the end.
166
prison riot
a collective attempt by inmates to take over part or all of the prison
167
Frustration Riot
Uprising due to the unified inmate subculture lashing out against the prison authorities
167
Race Riot
A political racial conflict is a crucial factor in many if not most of these prison-based riots
168
Political Riot
Demands from inmates based on their racial and political concerns
168
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
169
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
169
bravado
impress others
170
Top 5 prison gangs
1. mexican mafia
2. la nuestra familia
3. black guerilla family
4. Texas syndicate
5. aryan brotherhood
170
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
171
5 factors contributed to prison violence
1. Inadequate staff supervision
2. Architectural design promoting victimization
3. Easy availability of deadly weapons
4. Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
5. Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
171
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
172
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
172
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
173
bravado
impress others
173
bravado
impress others
174
Top 5 prison gangs
1. mexican mafia
2. la nuestra familia
3. black guerilla family
4. Texas syndicate
5. aryan brotherhood
174
Top 5 prison gangs
1. mexican mafia
2. la nuestra familia
3. black guerilla family
4. Texas syndicate
5. aryan brotherhood
175
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
175
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
176
5 factors contributed to prison violence
1. Inadequate staff supervision
2. Architectural design promoting victimization
3. Easy availability of deadly weapons
4. Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
5. Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
176
5 factors contributed to prison violence
1. Inadequate staff supervision
2. Architectural design promoting victimization
3. Easy availability of deadly weapons
4. Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
5. Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
177
New Jersey State Prison – Gresham Sykes
Public would not tolerate the physical coercion until cooperate and social isolation. Public wants prisons to be run humanly in the end.
177
New Jersey State Prison – Gresham Sykes
Public would not tolerate the physical coercion until cooperate and social isolation. Public wants prisons to be run humanly in the end.
178
prison riot
a collective attempt by inmates to take over part or all of the prison
178
prison riot
a collective attempt by inmates to take over part or all of the prison
179
Frustration Riot
Uprising due to the unified inmate subculture lashing out against the prison authorities
179
Frustration Riot
Uprising due to the unified inmate subculture lashing out against the prison authorities
180
Race Riot
A political racial conflict is a crucial factor in many if not most of these prison-based riots
180
Race Riot
A political racial conflict is a crucial factor in many if not most of these prison-based riots
181
Political Riot
Demands from inmates based on their racial and political concerns
181
Political Riot
Demands from inmates based on their racial and political concerns
182
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
182
Rage Riot
Often spontaneous expression of inmate frustration due to mistreatment by prison officials
183
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
183
Machismo
requires physical retaliation against those who insult one’s honor
184
bravado
impress others
184
bravado
impress others
185
Top 5 prison gangs
1. mexican mafia
2. la nuestra familia
3. black guerilla family
4. Texas syndicate
5. aryan brotherhood
185
Top 5 prison gangs
1. mexican mafia
2. la nuestra familia
3. black guerilla family
4. Texas syndicate
5. aryan brotherhood
186
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
186
PREA
PRISON RAPE ELIMINATION ACT
187
5 factors contributed to prison violence
1. Inadequate staff supervision
2. Architectural design promoting victimization
3. Easy availability of deadly weapons
4. Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
5. Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
187
5 factors contributed to prison violence
1. Inadequate staff supervision
2. Architectural design promoting victimization
3. Easy availability of deadly weapons
4. Housing of violence-prone inmates near defenseless people
5. Overall high level of tension produced by close quarters
