Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards

Question

Integrative Counseling

Answer 1

A highly individualized theory based on synthesis of theories and practices. NOT simply borrowing of a theory/practice. This is a personalized theory based on values, worldview, education and experience Highly congruent yet flexible

Answer 2

Philosophy - behavior is the result of learning - we are both the product and producer of the environment Concepts - focus is on overt behavior - precision in specifying treatment goals, development of specific treatment plans, objectively evaluating outcomes (METRICS!) - based on learning theory principles - Normal behavior is learned through reinforcement and imitation, abnormal behavior is result of faulty learning

Answer 3

CACREP requires an understanding of the neurological behavior to underpin theories of learning and personality development. CACREP defines neurological behavior as: the reln'p among the brain anatomy, functioning, and biochemistry, as well as learning and behavior Premise of neurobiology & psychotherapy - brain grows genetically but also by interacting with the environment, which means psychotherapy affords oppty to help w/brain restructuring Triune Model of the Brain - brain has 3 principal locations and functions: 1) Surviving brain - the stem; fight or flight 2) Feeling brain - limbic system, emotion; mediates feelings and behaviors; stores some memory 3) Thinking brain - cortex; executive functions, meaning making, self-awareness CBT promotes neural networking, as does EMDR Biofeedback: helpful for sleep disorders, anxiety attacks, phobias, migraines; attempts to rewire neural networks

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the reln'p among the brain anatomy, functioning, and biochemistry, as well as learning and behavior

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helpful for sleep disorders, anxiety attacks, phobias, migraines attempts to rewire neural networks

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Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Education Programs

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2 major aspects of mindfulness for counseling: 1) focus on current experience (ie environment, thoughts, sensations, emotions) 2) nonjudgmental acceptance of experience--internal and external Mindfulness-Based CBT - helps client in stopping self-perpetuating mental habits of ruminating on negative thoughts - purpose isnt to change thoughts but change the reln'p to them by reframing May not work with schizophrenia, bipolar, or PTSD clients Therapists may find minfulness useful no matter what theory they use

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aka genuineness counselor is authentic and integrated in the session can also mean an agreement bw the client's behavior and values/beliefs

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Acceptance; counselor is caring and non-evaluative/judgmental

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extent to which client and counselor deal with issues in specific vs vague generalities

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repeating what the client said w/emphasis on the cognitive message

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repeating what the client said w/emphasis on affective portion of message

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treatment plan outlines counseling interventions, and interventions are based on several factors, including the diagnosis Client characteristics influence the treatment plan (culture, demographics like age, personality) Counselor's therapeutic orientation influences the intervention(s) chosen. For instance, a psychodynamic approach is different than a cogntive behavioral approach)l4

Answer 14

Self disclosure

Answer 15

founded analytic psychology introduced concepts of intro- and extraversion MBTI based on his work believd in the collective unconscious, which is - determinedd by the evolutionary development of the human species (most intense emotional responses that we experience) - operated by archetypes archetypes= universal response pattern in human experience, characterized by emotional charge to identity, meaning, purpose. Ex of archetypes: anima (female) and animus Goals of therapy - transformation of self by gaining knowledge of self, recognition, and integration of self

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developed a 5 pt scale to measure for empathy, genuiness, concreteness, and respect in counselor; L1=low, L5=high Counselor responses are either additive, interchangeable, or subtractive Eg (p. 114 of Helwig)

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refers to defining the nature, limits, and goals of counseling process, may include roles too.

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counselors should integrate their practice w/other specialists (ie medical)

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father of individual psychology Pioneer in early history of family therapy 2 Main concepts - birth order - family constellation Techniques - counselor is egalitarian w/client--(cooperative effort) - views neuroses as failures in learning-->leads to distorted perceptions - focus is on client responsibility in counseling - examines family constellation, dreams, early memories Birth Order Implications: - children in same family have different psychological environments b/c of birth order *childhood experience influences adult interactions and family dynamics

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gets much attn dependable goal and achievement oriented hard working fears losing love when another child (intruder) enters

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shares attn competes w/1st born succeeds where first born doesn't

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feels left out may see life as unfair and develop a "poor me" attitude may develop problems

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baby in family, pampered, special role to play; influenced by others but tends to go own way; dvlops in directions nobody anticipated

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doesn't learn to share/cooperate deals well w/adults wants center stage as adult and has problems when they don't get it

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individuals and their personalities exist w/in a system (ie cultural, situational context)

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Field theorist - believed behavior is a function of life space, which is a function of the person and the environment - challenged the linear, mechanistic view of behavior

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developed cognitive therapy, in which client experiences a cognitive shift -identified automatic thoughts (~preconscious) - there is an internal communication system, and in depressed ppl it's negatively focused - cause of depression is any combo of factors (eg., biological, genetic, personality, stress) - there is greater stability of results and fewer relapses with CT than anti-depressants

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theory of reciprocal inhibition - states that anxiety and relaxation cannot coexist Systematic desensitization (based on reciprocal inhibition theory) is a behavioral intervention of counterconditioning. - goal is to reduce anxiety by associating (-) stimuli w/positive events. (Eg., negative images paired with muscle relaxation)

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- spoke of cognitive behavior modification, which is a shift from self-defeating thoughts to coping ones - introduced concept of stress inoculation, which is practicing positive or reinforcing self-statements

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token economy paradoxical intention implosive therapy (imagination) thought stopping

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using tokens to reinforce behavior; shaping of behavior through tokens privileges and goods can be purchased through tokens

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clients urged to "intend" that which they fear or want to change

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induce anxiety via images/imagination or cues (called 'flooding'). The anxiety is then expected to diminish (extinguish) w/repeat exposure and in the absence of any threat

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behavioral technique to consciously stop recurring thoughts

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Jon Luft & Harry Ingham is a psychological tool to help individual better understand relationship w/oneself and others - Top (horizontal, left to right(: known to self/not known to self - Left (vertical, top to bottom): known to others/not known to others top left quadrant: known to self/known to others top right: not known to self/known to others bottom left: known to self/not known to others bottom right: not known to self/not known to others Premise - client brings material (stuff) into session, some of which is known and other info that isn't. Principles of Change Identified During Session: goal of counseling is to minimize the lower right and maximize upper left smaller the upper left quadrant--> worse the comms there's universal curiosity about the lower right (unknown) but customs, socialization and fears suppress it change in one quadrant affects them all requires energy to hide, deny, or be blind to behavior threat increases awareness, mutual trust increases awareness In Groups - helps explain group dynamics - lower right quadrant decreases in productive groups as awareness and feedback increase

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a voluntary, problem-solving process, initiated by consultant or consultee, to help consultees devp attitudes or skills to increase functioning.

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context, role, function

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Content - knowledge transfer bw parties Process - examines the process

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Bergan, Bandura, Schein, Caplan, Splete

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- behavioral model emphasizing verbal interaction 4 stages: - problem identification - problem analysis - plan implementation - problem evaluation (So, identify it, plan it, implement the plan, evaluate it) Part of the focus is on problem behaviors and the antecedents and consequences (it IS a behavioral model))

Answer 41

social learning model - there's a dynamic interplay of behaviors, cognitions, and environment. these are assessed in problem identification - soln's revolve around modeling, rehearsing, changing cognitions

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Purchase model - buying consultant's knowledge/service ("I buy") Doctor-Patient Model - stresses diagnosis and problem identification ("you tell me") Process Model - involves both parties in the diagnosis and interventions ("we do")

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mental health consulting model - occurs bw two professionals and can be centered on the client, consultee and client, treatment or program, consultee and administration Caplan's model of consultation in counseling is a mental health consultation model. In Caplan's model, two professionals discuss issues specific to mental health diagnoses, such as eating disorders, and treatment. The center of discussion can be an individual client or family, the consultee and the client, treatment or a specific program, or the consultee and administration.

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9 stage process of consultation: pre-contract contract and exploration of rel'p contracting problem identification problem analysis feedback and planning implementation of plan evaluation conclusion and termination of rel'p

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used to better understand oneself and generalize to others Who - physically/mentally challenged - trauma victims - socially shy

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- outdoor and experiential (ie camping, hiking, challenge courses for individuals/groups) - developed based on paricipant makeup

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- more clinically oriented - identify and address behavioral, emotional, and psychological problems in adults and trouble adolescents by placing them in unfamiliar environment

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security record maintenance emergency contact info imposters (both counselor and client) trust bldg

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losing empathy and interest in the client

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exposure to graphic material presented by clients

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- Richard Bandler and John Grinder ("band around the head, grinding into the mouth") - a communication theory using the 5 sensory channels - can be used to build and maintain rapport and pace the client's verbal cues - examines the structure of language and how it's used to represent reality

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Eye Movement Desensitization Reprocessing - used to help elicit painful memories and experiences and reprocess them, similar to REM sleep

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>19M americans suffer from substance abuse, with ~14M of those from alcohol ~50% of americans exposed to alcohol dependency in family/extended family Substance abuse considered #1 problem in US by many >30 states legalized marijuana

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early sex date rape car accidents suicide

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refers to nonlinguistic communication through body movement (ie gestures, facial expressions)

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spatial features of the environment (ie positioning of furniture, seating arrangement) - how we arrange space impacts our behavior

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id, ego, superego, or the hypothetical constructs that explain the function of personality

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Eros: the Greek god of the love of life. To the Freudians this means self-preservation. Thanatos is the Greek word for death.

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Manifest content which is the surface meaning Latent content, which is the hidden meaning

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Psychoanalytic - lengthy, more frequent sessions, couch (so NOT F2F) Psychodynamic - uses analytic principles but in fewer sessions, no couch and F2F

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Is Freud's first “map” of the different systems of the mind. According to Freud, the mental apparatus can be broadly understood in terms of three mental systems: the unconscious (Ucs.), preconscious (Pcs.), and conscious (Cs.)

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the Oedipus complex = controversial unconscious mind= most important

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"I didn't really want it anyway"

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trying to convince themselves that something undesirable is actually something they want or planned. Someone who's recently been fired, for example, might insist that they're excited to look for something new

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Jung used drawings around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams and called them mandalas.

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student of Alfred Adler - was the first to discuss the use of group therapy in private practice.

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linear: CONTENT explains what is occurring (ie stimulus-->rsponse) Circular: PROCESS explains what is occurring (forces moving in multiple directions and their influences and results cause an array of outcomes)

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family counseling

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Leaving home joining families via marriage families w/young children families w/adolescents Launching children and moving on at midlife Families in late middle age Families near end of life

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of alternative families in US is growing; may be greatest among Eurocentric backgrounds Types of alternative families: single parent remarried gay/lesbian

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social connectedness

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Bc the client is instructed to intensify or purposely engage in the maladaptive behavior.

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Ludwig von Bertalanffy circular causality

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Nathan Ackermann James Framo

Answer 75

Psychodynamic Theory of Family Counseling - main proponent - says that a couple brings psychological heritage and resemblances from their original families - they bring introjects (imprints, memories) from parents and others - family unit seeks homeostasis and an individual member's symptomatic or pathologicl behavior disturbs homeostasis - believed in interactive style of therapy (ie living w/family, stirring things up, being catalyst for change)

Answer 76

Think: frames of reference—> social=reln’al context; O in framo=object relations Psychodynamic Theory of Family Counseling - believed the social behavior of a person's life shapes their behavior. So, conflict from one's family of origin is acted out in one's current reln'ps - believed ppl in childhood are object seeking (ie hoping to establish satisfying reln'ps. So if the child is rejected, then this frustration is returned as an introject later in life) - Would begin therapy w/entire family, then conjoint (couples), then couples group therapy, then w/family of origin (intergenerational)

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Experiential family counseling -relied less on theory, more on experience - would actively join the family and use his awareness/experience in therapy to advocate for change - challenged old thinking and behavior - used symbolism to explain experiences, and these symbols were often outside one's consciousness or awareness

Answer 78

Carl Whitaker -relied less on theory, more on experience - would actively join the family and use his awareness/experience in therapy to advocate for change - challenged old thinking and behavior - used symbolism to explain experiences, and these symbols were often outside one's consciousness or awareness

Answer 79

Virginia Satir - humans and families have the resources within them to flourish (self-concept very important) - discrepancies (ie poor communication) w/in family blocked members from healthy functioning. So Satir became the teacher/trainer Believed that under stress, ppl adopted 1 of 5 communiction styles: 1) placater 2) blamer 3) super-reasonable 4) irrelevant 5) congruent communicator (healthy style) Her style was considered a process orientation, and thus experiential - believed in interacting closely w/family and a need for intimacy in family reln'ps

Answer 80

Humanistic - humans and families have the resources within them to flourish (self-concept very important) - discrepancies (ie poor communication) w/in family blocked members from healthy functioning. So Satir became the teacher/trainer Believed that under stress, ppl adopted 1 of 5 communiction styles: 1) placater 2) blamer 3) super-reasonable 4) irrelevant 5) congruent communicator (healthy style) Her style was considered a process orientation, and thus experiential - believed in interacting closely w/family and a need for intimacy in family reln'ps

Answer 81

Murray Bowen - family as an emotional unit in the formation of dysfunctional behavior - believed >1 generation of family is central to therapy (3 generations for genogram). Thus his approach labeled transgenerational 8 Bowenian Concepts: (dtn fem ss) Differentiation of self Triangles Nuclear family emotional system Family projection process Emotional cutoff Multigenerational Transmission Process Sibling Position Societal Regression

Answer 82

Bowenian Concept - degree to which individual distinguishes bw thinking and feeling - goal is to maximize ea person's differentiation - if there's fusion of thinking and feeling-->involuntary emotional reactions and dysfunction

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the identified patient (ie parents)

Answer 84

- Bowen's style was more neutral and detriangulated unlike experiential and humanistic

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Basic bldg block of a family's emotional system Ppl have a need for closeness and individuation. To the extent 2 ppl are fused (ie parents) they may bring in a 3rd (ie child) to resolve the 2-person stress - process in which ea parent demands that a child ally with hm/her against the other parent during a marital conflict Greater the fusion, greater the triangulating

Answer 86

This concept describes how family members are emotionally connected and interdependent, with the expectation that changes in one person's behavior will affect the others. It also highlights that family members tend to marry partners with similar levels of differentiatio Thus 2 undifferentiated ppl become highly fused and the nuclear family emotional system becomes unstable.

Answer 87

This refers to how parents project their own unresolved emotional issues and anxieties onto their children, which can lead to children internalizing those issues and affecting their own functioning. the fused, unstable marital partners will focus on one of the children

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children involved in the family projection process will try to escape the fusion by isolating themselves physically (ie moving away) or psychologically this is only a deception

Answer 89

This concept suggests that family patterns of relating are passed down through generations, including levels of differentiation, triangles, and the emotional reactivity within the family system Poorly differentiated child of similar parents will choose a similar poorly differentiated partner to marry "Weak links marry weaker links"

Answer 90

individuals of same or different birth order will complement/compete with ea other

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society is regressing b/c it doesn't differentiate bw emotional and intellectual decision making

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Frederick C. Thorne

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Instrumental learning ("i" in Skinner, "i" in instrumental learning)

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Pavlov's reflexive respondent is ACCREDITED to Skinner but APPLIES to the theoretical notions of Pavlov's

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.5 second As the interval exceeds 0.5 seconds, more trials are needed for effective conditioning. How will you remember that the CS comes before the US? Just remember that “c” (as in CS) comes before “u” (as in UCS) in the alphabet. Nice! Or better still, common sense would dictate that the reinforcer (the meat/US) would come after the bell (the CS) to reinforce it. When the CS is delayed until the US occurs, the procedure is known as “delay conditioning.” If, however, the CS terminates before the occurrence of the US, it is termed “trace conditioning.” Here’s a slick and easy-to-use memory device. Trace begins with “t” and so does termination. In trace conditioning, the CS will terminate prior to the onset of the US (or UCS as it will be abbreviated on some exams

Answer 96

Little Albert The significance of the Little Albert case was that it demonstrated that fears were “learned” and not the result of some unconscious psychopathology.

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When a new stimulus is associated or “paired” with the CS and the new stimulus takes on the power of the CS

Answer 98

EMG =Muscle tension ( M=muscle) EEG= cognitivE/brain waves EKG=heart

Answer 99

Variable schedules are more effective than fixed schedules. Ratio schedules are more effective than interval schedules. (Most effective) VR, VI, FR, FI (Least effective)

Answer 100

Salvadore Minuchin Goal of therapy: to challenge the family's transactional patterns hoping to change structure - Believed the family is composed of organization/structure determined by social rules, which are the transactions bw members. Rules can be generalized (everybody) or idiosyncratic (individual) - Subsystems exist (eg., parental, spousal, sibling) which carry out family functions - These subsystems have boundaries and rules for membership. - These boundaries can either be rigid, which leads to disengagement, or diffuse/permeable, which leads to enmeshment. - Used a structural map to show boundaries, alliances, conflicts... - Structural family therapy is directive and enacted in the here and now. It explicitly diagnoses and addresses maladaptive family systems through direct participatory observation and changes in the present. Other concepts: Alliances coalitions power Minuchin would actively participate in therapy and challenge the family using mimesis (mimicking), enactments, and then reframe into (+)

Answer 101

to challenge the family's transactional patterns hoping to change structure

Answer 102

Jay Haley & Cloe Madanes (think 'strategic communication') - power and control characterize family reln'ps; symptoms are attempts at controlling a reln'p - aims to rapidly change problematic behavior via targeted interventions (ie reframing, paradox, observation) - paradoxical interventions used (Therapeutic double bind, Prescribing the symptom). - direct. Therapy tends to be short. Mental Health Insitute (MRI) focused on family communication patterns

Answer 103

Strategic family therapy technique - paradoxical technique where client is asked to continue undesirable behavior even when expected to stop it-->caught in a BIND and must either give it up or acknowledge control over it

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Strategic family therapy technique - paradox here is to refuse to continue the behavior or acknowledge control over it

Answer 105

Mara Solvini-Palazzoli (Italy) - family seen as a system and the intent is to keep the system balanced - family seen as playing a 'game' to maintain the system. The therapist uses these games to invoke change in behavior and attitudes - Systemic family therapists bring hypotheses to be checked out; sometimes a team of therapists observe Used: Circular questioning: asking members same Qs about reln'ps to reveal family connections and the meaning they ea ascribe Rituals used therapeutically to change beliefs/attitudes

Answer 106

Robert Liberman - operant conditioning & social learning principles Richard Stuart - operant interpersonal therapy, which is a social exchange model-->argues for the influence of ongoing behavioral exchanges on their long-term outcomes in reln'ps. - skills trng - behavior contracting Behavior Parent- Skills Trng - focuses on child mgmnt (ie time out, contingency contracts) Functional Family Therapy - views all behavior as adaptive; serving a function - therapy helps ppl learn new skills via education Conjoint Sex Therapy - Masters and Johnson - assumes any sexual inadequacy exists in a system the 2 partners present

Answer 107

a type of family behavior/cognitive therapy - focuses on child mgmnt (ie time out, contingency contracts)

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behavioral/cognitive family therapy - operant interpersonal therapy, which is a social exchange model-->argues for the influence of ongoing behavioral exchanges on their long-term outcomes in reln'ps. - skills trng - behavior contracting

Answer 109

behavioral/cognitive family therapy - operant conditioning & social learning principles

Answer 110

Behavior/cognitive Family Therapy - views all behavior as adaptive; serving a function - therapy helps ppl learn new skills via education

Answer 111

Behavior/cognitive Family Therapy - Masters and Johnson - assumes any sexual inadequacy exists in a system the 2 partners present

Answer 112

post modern SC's don't believe ppl share a common reality. Instead, we use language to share our experiences and perceptions, and use language to communicate w/others and CONSTRUCT a common reality Believes clients know what they need to do to solve a problem, they just need help constructing a way to use that knowledge May use SFBT to 'construct' a sol'n (giving the client a "skeleton key" to unlock doors in their life) Therapist should get agreement on the "reality" of what words mean

Answer 113

developed a solution-oriented therapy based on Steve deShazer's SFBT where language used by clients and therapists is important because meanings and perceptions are embedded within. - possibility for change already exists within the client

Answer 114

postmodern approach uses narratives (vice words), which are stories family members bring to therapy. They may be negative and limiting perceptions of themselves and their lives.

Answer 115

the process of examining a narrative, determining underlying assumptions, and finding other potential meanings attached to the story. This gives the family an oppty to re-author the story, which thus empower them

Answer 116

may be a technique or an adjunct to family therapy. goal is to assist the family in daily functioning

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unresolved conflicts from the past continue to attach themselves to current objects and situations

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the social, cultural, political influences on men and women

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(think: Axel foley is playful) wrote "Play Therapy" and "Dibs: In search of self" believed the leader or therapist attends, recognizes feelings, helps the child express them, and helps child implement new behaviors

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the study of methods of feedback control w/in a system; the flow of info through feedback loops

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Psychodrama technique where there’s a physical arrangement of members of a family in space as determined by a single member as "director"

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subjective units of disturbance scale

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a moderate amount of arousal (anxiety) improves performance (high arousal is more appropriate for simple tasks, such as an exam) but only to a certain point. arousal and performance is often represented as an inverted U-shaped curve

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type of behavioral sex therapy developed by Masters & Johnson that relies on counterconditioning

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Imagination

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Umwelt=physical (welts leave physical marks) Mitwelt=relationship (think "my"=relationship) Eigenwelt=identity (Ei=identity)

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father of relational behavioral therapy (RBT)

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Freud's superego; nurturing parent and critical parent

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Adult=Freud's ego (rational, logical, does not focus on feelings)

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How a TA therapist would describe a client using P-A-C conceptualization

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Describes the ability of the family to change

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schizophrenia, bipolar, or PTSD clients

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accepting and tolerating oneself and the situation, despite the pain, without evaluation

Answer 134

A variable ratio reinforces after an average number of responses. A variable interval reinforces after an average number of minutes A fixed ratio schedule reinforces a certain response after a fixed number of responses. A fixed interval schedule reinforces the responses after a certain period of time

Answer 135

Systematic desensitization deals with a person's systematically reduced anxiety when exposed to a certain stimulus. It is generally seen as proceeding through 4 stages: 1. Relaxation training to gain control of one's responses 2. Construction of anxiety hierarchy to gain intellectual knowledge of one's fear 3. Imaginative desensitization to explore one's fear in safe circumstances 4. In vivo sensitization to gain control over the feared stimulus The progression is necessarily stepwise and iterative.

Answer 136

Physician-assisted suicide is an ethical issue about which many health care workers disagree. As of 2015, five states (Oregon, Washington, Montana, New Mexico, and Vermont) allow physician-assisted suicide, provided the individual has a terminal illness. In these states (only in one county in New Mexico), physicians are legally permitted to prescribe medications to cause death.

Answer 137

Negative feedback loops preserve homeostasis and prevent change Positive feedback loops are patterns of interaction that promote positive change

Answer 138

In family therapy, feedback loops are the result of interlocking family systems, which are dedicated to preventing change and preserving homeostasis, even if this homeostasis enables dysfunction. The goal of family systems therapy is to break negative feedback loops and create positive ones.

Answer 139

To assess family dynamics and understand the relnp bw members To illustrate and understand the structure of a family’s systems, which may not otherwise be apparent. Genograms do not address genetic patterns nor are they meant to deal with communication.

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Maslow’s

Answer 141

Pavlov Therapy=passive (Pavlov) Modification =active (skinner)

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- best known for his work in imprinting, an instinctual behavior in goslings and other animals in which the infant instinctively follows the first moving object it encounters, which is usually the mother - said aggression is part of our evolution and necessary for survival, and catharsis--a means to get anger out--is the only solution.

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Imprinting—rapid learning during a critical period of development—is an instinct in which a newborn will follow a moving object.

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concerns field research using animals. ass'td w/konrad lorenz

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overprotective, avoidant, acceptant

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refers to the ability of the counselor to experience the client's point of view in terms of their actual experience in feeling and cognition. The stress is on the client's point of view rather than the counselor's.

Answer 147

postulated by Edward Hall. In low-context communication, a direct, explicit message is expected. This way of communication, broadly speaking, is more common in the U.S., the U.K., and Canada. In high-context communication, much of the message is implicit and depends on context, relies on nonverbal over verbal, and respects tradition. This is the communicative style more common in the Middle East, Italy, Spain, and many Asian countries.

Answer 148

Psychotherapy notes are considered part of the client's record overall, but are to be stored separately with another level of security. In advocating for clients, it's important to remember that psychotherapy notes are not always considered part of the overall record for third-party purposes.

Answer 149

consciously

Answer 150

persistent depressive disorder is less severe in intensity Persistent depressive disorder (PDD) is a chronic depression of relatively low intensity that persists for two years or more for more days than not. It tends to be of lower intensity than other depressive disorders.

Answer 151

Research does not show a correlation in this regard Though the research is not robust, there is no substantial evidence to suggest that counselors are more or less effective with those with whom they share ethnic or gender similarity.

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cultural A biopsychosocial interview will contain many elements of assessment, aimed at establishing as full a picture as possible of the client's situation. A biopsychosocial interview must contain the cultural context in which the client exists as a guide to culturally-informed treatment.

Answer 153

Shaping refers to the technique of reinforcing small behaviors that approximate the larger and more desirable behavior sets that are the eventual goal.

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Sigmund Freud's belief about dreams was that they were the unconscious mind's way of playing out either negative or positive wish fulfillment about events that took place during the day that the dream occurred.

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being able to help a client

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To prevent suicide by agreeing on a contact strategy A "safety contract," though it may go by other names, is a document or agreement that stipulates that a person who may be at risk for impulsive suicide will contact someone who can help them rather than go through with ending their life.

Answer 157

They can interfere with the helping process for a client - Dual relationships, which in some cases cannot be avoided, are mainly a problem due to the fact that care for the client can be compromised. Objectivity can suffer if the therapeutic relationship is not the only relationship at work. - These relationships are not always morally wrong, do not always invite legal consequences, and are not always in violation of codes of ethics or conduct.

Answer 158

Research does not support the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes Though of definite help in establishing rapport and eliciting information from clients, the research does not support the idea that Rogerian factors support positive therapeutic outcomes per se. Therapeutic outcomes seem to be more related to what the client does, rather than what the therapist does.

Answer 159

No, under no circumstances Psychotherapy notes belong to a special class of clinical documentation. These notes are considered separate documentation in their own right, and treatment planning would not be included.

Answer 160

Those who are experiencing a normal reaction to stress Crisis intervention is mainly directed at helping those individuals who are experiencing the overwhelming stress that is definition to a state of crisis. Pathology per se is not addressed as part of crisis intervention; abnormal behavior or symptoms will require another modality to address effectively.

Answer 161

Allen E. Ivey suggests that basic empathy is that style of empathy that neither adds nor subtracts from a client's awareness and understanding. It demonstrates a basic level of understanding and feeling the client experiences.

Answer 162

When clients are in crisis Advice-giving is controversial in counseling, with some saying it is never appropriate and others saying it has its uses. There seems to be a better use for advice-giving when clients are in crisis and there is limited time for the real exploration of feelings. In circumstances where insight therapy relying on exploration of one's emotions is important, advice-giving would be less recommended.

Answer 163

Yes, in a healthy therapeutic group, roles often change In counseling groups, roles can often change. In fact, when group members can change roles—for instance, roleplaying various parts in a group member's situational or therapeutic issue—this often leads to better therapeutic outcomes. In general, roles are not fixed in healthy therapeutic groups.

Answer 164

lack of therapeutic goals In many groups, particularly those considered "unstructured," one common potential liability is the lack of concrete, appropriate therapeutic goals for the group members. A therapeutic group should have goals, though there is flexibility in exactly how these are formulated and applied.

Answer 165

David Premack - behaviorist - suggested that family members, must complete an unpleasant task (low probability behavior, or LPB) before completing a pleasant one (high probability behavior, HPB) ex: completing your homework before going out with friends

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refers to when the client sees an object (ie another person) as all good or all bad

Answer 167

a therapist may warn the client about the negative consequences of change. They may tell the client to "take it slow" or "expect a relapse." It helps overcome resistance by suggesting that the family does not change

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- Precontemplation, in which a person likely does not see the need to change • Contemplation, in which a person is ambivalent about change • Preparation, in which a person gathers resources and information to change • Action, in which the first steps of change are enacted • Maintenance, in which desired behaviors are repeated

Answer 169

Social exchange theory characterizes human relationships as calculations between individuals. These calculations then define much about that relationship. Positive relationships, in this view, are characterized by profit accruing to the individuals in that relationship. In other words, relationships are based on what the individuals in them see as a cost-benefit analysis.

Answer 170

Structural

Answer 171

Initiation, clarification, structure, relationship

Answer 172

Gerald Caplan Threat, escalation, acute crisis, climax

Counseling & Helping Relationships Flashcards

(207 cards)