Human Growth & Development Flashcards
(161 cards)
1
Q
What were Freud’s stages? Describe each.
A
Oral, anal, phallic, latency, genitalia.
Oral: birth-1.5yrs; gratification via the mouth and upper digestive tract
Anal: 1.5-3yrs; Sphincter control and bowel movements
Phallic: 3-6yrs. Goal is resolution of Oedipus complex; leads to devpmt of superego and ability to experience guilt
Latency: 6-10yrs; Sublimation of Oedipus complex; expresses sexually-aggressive drives in socially acceptable ways
Genital: 10yrs+; acceptance of genitalia and concern for others’ wellbeing
2
Q
What is an Oedipus complex?
A
Desire for the parent of the opposite sex, resentment of parent of same sex
3
Q
What is sublimation?
A
converting unacceptable behavior to sth acceptable
Ex: Student gets into many arguments so he joins the debate team
4
Q
What is displacement?
A
Transferring emotions from one thing to another
5
Q
What is Repression?
A
Unconscious method of blocking painful memories or impulses
6
Q
What is suppression?
A
Conscious method of ignoring painful emotions or impulses
7
Q
What is Compensation?
A
Making up for sth I don’t have
8
Q
What is Intellectualization?
A
Removing emotion and discussing sth in a detached way
9
Q
What is conversion?
A
Mental conflict converted to a physical symptom
10
Q
What is reaction formation?
A
Over-compensation for fear of the opposite; Forming opposite rx to how one actually feels
11
Q
What is introjection?
A
If PROjection is an outward focus, INTROjection is an inward focus.
Ex: Internalizing bully behavior bc you see others do it
12
Q
What is projection?
A
Shifting blame or responsibility for one’s thoughts/actions to someone else.
Ex: You do poorly on a test and blame the teacher for writing an unfair test.
13
Q
According to Freud, what influenced behavior?
A
The environment, social, and 4 unconscious elements (“DDDW”):
1. Covert Desires
2. Dreams
3. Defenses
4. Unconscious Wishes
14
Q
According to Freud, what were the 3 levels of the mind? Describe each.
A
Conscious: thoughts and ideas within our awareness
Preconscious: thoughts and ideas outside of our immediate awareness but within our reach
Unconscious: thoughts and ideas outside of our awareness and sth we can’t access alone
15
Q
What is the focus of psychoanalysis, per Freud?
A
The unconscious past; repressed desires, defenses, dreams, and wishes
16
Q
Describe Freud’s theory of personality development
A
Id: present at birth, “pleasure principle” of gratification; the “devil”; irrational and illogical, seat of sex and aggression
Ego: Moderates the id and superego; rational, logical, “reality principle”
Superego: Develops last, the “angel,” morals, ethics, justice
17
Q
Who was Maslow and what was his theory?
A
-Abraham Maslow
- coined the term “positive psychology”
-Humanistic psychologist
-Hierarchy of needs viewed motivation in terms of Needs and Wants
- only studied high performers for his self-actualization dilemma; avoided the “psychology of the average”
18
Q
Describe Maslow’s pyramid.
A
Pyramid starts on bottom with:
1. physiological needs (sleep, sex, food, shelter, clothes)
2. safety and security (freedom from physical/psychological threat)
3. Love/belonging: connection, caring, support, intimacy
4. Esteem: self worth, respect from others
5. Self actualization: realizing potential
- The pyramid is epigenetic, which means one must “unlock” the lower level before progressing to the next
19
Q
Who was Jean Piaget? Was his research formal or informal?
A
- swiss psychologist
- continuous development theory, children
- idiographic approach (examined individuals, rather than nomothetic which studies groups [eg., DSM, behaviorism])
- Worked with Binet (French, created 1st intelligence test)
- Informal research based on his own kids
20
Q
What is conservation, per Piaget?
A
Occurs in the concrete stage along with counting
Refers to the learning that a substance doesn’t change in mass, weight, or volume even if its shape changes
21
Q
According to Piaget, in what order to kids learn the elements of conservation?
A
1 Mass
2 Weight
3 Volume
22
Q
Who was Robert Perry?
A
The “RR”–>DUAListic thinking and relativistic thinking.
- Known for Three stage Theory of intellectual (cognitive) and ethical devlpmt (esp w/college students:
- Dualistic thinking: binary, good and bad, right and wrong
- Relativistic thinking: the problem/solution is relative to the situation; adulthood; acknowledge uncertainty and ok with it
- Commitment to relativism: initial commitment, balancing several commitments, commitments evolve, and may be contradictory
William Perry developed his “Scheme of Intellectual and Ethical Development” based on his studies of college students. The scheme consists of four general categories with 3 positions within each category.
• Category 1 is Dualism and is divided into Basic and Full. Students in the basic position believe authorities know the truth, but in the full position begin to realize that not all authorities know all the truth.
Category 2 is Multiplicity and is divided into Early and Late positions. Students in this category come to believe that any opinion is as good as any other and realize that there is more than one approach to solving a problem.
23
Q
Who was Robert Kegan
A
‘Keegles are constructive and interpersonal’
- Known for adult cognitive devlpmt
- Constructive model of development (reality is constructed through one’s lifespan)
24
Q
What do radical behaviorists NOT believe in? What do they prefer?
A
they DON’T believe in the id, ego, superego or mental constructs (mind, consciousness); DO believe in metrics
25
T/: Erikson was psychosocial and focused on the ego
True
26
Who was Milton Erickson?
Brief psychotherapy; hypnosis
27
T/F: Erikson is the only theorist to develop a theory that covers one's entire lifespan.
True
28
What are Freud's 3 adult personality types?
Oral - infantile, demanding, dependent, Oral gratification
Anal - stinginess, rigid routines, excessive accumulation
Phallic- selfish sexual exploitation of others, disregard for others' needs/concerns
(remember the penis is a big "I" for selfish)
29
2 elements that contribute to personality development (Freud)
Natural growth and maturation (biological, hormonal, time-dependent processes)
Learning and experience - resolving conflict, reducing anxiety, managing frustration
30
causes of psychopathology (Freud)
undevelopment in all 5 stages; over- /under-gratification in one can cause fixation.
If development frustration occurs at later stage--> then regression occurs
31
what forms one's mental state (freud)?
the reciprocal exchange of Cathexis and Anti-cathexis, which is the energy of impulse, urge and the restriction of, respectively.
32
Who was Erikson and what was his theory?
German psychologist
that relationships influence one's search for identity
earlier stages provide the basis for later stages (eg., if a child doesn't establish their identity in adolescence then they'll have reln problems as adults)
33
What is the mneumonic for Erikson's stages?
What are the stages and ages of each?
My Sexy Girl In Red Is Selling Drugs
1) Trust vs Mistrust (birth-1.5yrs)
2) Autonomy vs Shame (1.5-3yrs)
3) Initiative vs Guilt (3-6yrs)
4) Industry vs Inferiority (6-11)
5) Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20)
6) Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40yrs)
7) Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65)
8) Ego integrity vs Despair (65-death)
34
Erikson's first stage
Trust vs Mistrust
Infant develops sense of trust in self and others. If they don't-->WITHDRAWAL
*reln: mother
35
Erikson's 2nd stage
Autonomy vs Shame (1.5-3yrs)
Goal is mastering physical skills (toilet training, mobility)
*event: toilet training
*reln: parents
learns to exercise autonomous will-->identity bldg and courage to be independent.
Failure to do so-->SHAME & DOUBT
self control is learned
36
Erikson's 3rd stage
Initiative vs Guilt (3-6)
*Event: independence
*Reln: family
More assertive physically, verbally; more curious ("Why?")
If shows too much force-->feelings of guilt
A preschooler in this stage, learns to start tasks and carry out plans. If not, the preschooler feels bad about his/her efforts to be independent and feels like a nuisance to others.
Success=child has purpose to what he does
Failure at this stage-->denial, self-restriction
37
Erikson's 4th stage
Industry vs Inferiority (6-10ish)
*Event: school
*Reln: teachers, friends, neighborhood
Takes pride in accomplishments, develops sense of achievement.
Failure at this stage: sense of inferiority, incompetence
38
Erikson's 5th stage
Identity vs Role Confusion (12-20)
*event: development of peer reln's
*reln: peers, groups, social influences
Goal is to create an identity in occupation, gender roles, politics, religion. If failure occurs-->identity confusion, estrangement, excessive conformity, rebelliousness, idealism
39
Erikson's 6th stage
Intimacy vs Isolation (20-40)
*Event: parenting
*Reln: Loves, friends, colleagues
Goal is to develop intimate relns via work and social.
If fail-->isolation, fears intimacy and commitment
40
Erikson's 7th stage
Generativity vs Stagnation (40-65)
*event: parenting
*relns: children and community
Goal is giving back; leaving a legacy, guiding the next generation.
Failure leads to stagnation exemplified through self-indulgence, over-extension, anxiety
41
Erikson's 8th stage
Ego Integrity vs Despair (65-death)
*Event: reflection and acceptance of life
Goal is to create meaning and purpose of one's life.
Failure--> despair (not having enough time to start a new life), fear of death, regret
42
What are Erikson's ego strengths? List them.
"He Will Probably Come Fast Literally Can't Wait"
Hope, will, purpose, competence, fidelity, love, care, wisdom
43
Describe the concept of Erikson's ego strength.
Ego mediates irrational id impulses
derived from his 8 stage
Ego strength is result of overcoming crises in ea stage
assessed through questioning and observation
44
What is maturation theory?
- behavior is guided exclusively via hereditary factors, and certain behaviors will not manifest themselves until the necessary stimuli are present in the environment.
- individual’s neural development must be at a certain level of maturity for the behavior to unfold. Ex: a child must be ready before he or she can accept a certain level of education (e.g., kindergarten)
- A counselor who believes in this concept strives to unleash inborn abilities, instincts, and drives.
The client’s childhood and the past are seen as important therapeutic topics.
45
Arnold Gesell?
Maturationist
Pioneer in using a one-way mirror to observe children
(The two ll’s in Gesell is like two people standing facing each other through a two-way mirror; the mature one is watching the other)
46
Who founded the first intelligence test?
Alfred Binet (France)
47
What was Jean Piaget's theory?
Cognitive development is progressive through 4 stages:
Sensorimotor: Birth -2yrs
Pre-Operational: 2-7yrs
Concrete operational: 7-11
Formal operational: 11+
48
Describe the sensorimotor stage.
Piaget's Sensorimotor. Birth to 2yrs,
task is object permanence (drive the motor to find the ball)
("Peekaboo!"; find the ball); curious, fine and gross motor skills
49
What are the key concepts (think terms) of Piaget's theory?
(AOAA)
Action. An overt behavior
Operation. Type of action or internalized thought
Activity in Development. Child is an active contributor to his personality and universe; he interacts w/environment, modifies it, and constructs reality
Adaptation. Includes assimilation and accommodation
50
What is accommodation per Piaget?
Adapting (oneself) to the characteristics of the subject (ie., I must accommodate new info into my schema when I see a cat for first time and not call it a dog--I'm learning sth new and creating a new schema for it)
51
What is assimilation per Piaget?
“Similar”
Incorporating external reality into existing schema (ie, I see a new breed of dog that I fit into my existing schema of 'dogs')
52
who coined the term "identity crisis"?
Erik Erikson
53
Describe Piaget's Pre-Operational stage
2-7yrs
Tip: "Pre" operational because imagination PREcedes reality; must imagine sth before concretely doing it
Centration occurs—>focusing on key object or feature while not noticing others
symbolic reasoning (equating the golden arches w/McDonald's); egocentric, magical thinking (tooth fairy, animism...)
54
Describe Piaget's Concrete Operational stage
7-11yrs
Can CONCRETELY organized objects in order
-thinks "concretely" (ie literal)
-task is conservation
-some logical thinking but still very concrete (not abstract)
-can think outside oneself
-Reversibility (if 5+3=8 then 8-3=5)
55
Describe Piaget's Formal Operational stage
11+,
can hypothesize, consider hypothetical problems, thinks abstractly, philosophize, morality,
use deductive reasoning to go from general to specific
develop empathy
56
Who was Lawrence Kohlberg and what was his theory? And ages of each?
- Extended Piaget's theory to moral development
- Linear progression, no stage skipped
- Progress contingent upon having a role model from next higher level
His theory of moral development has 6 levels, 3 stages:
Pre-conventional (birth - 6)
L1: Obedience. Avoid punishment (infancy)
L2: Self-interest. Seek reward (toddler-6yrs)
Conventional (7-11)
L3: Conformity. Good boy/girl
L4: Law & Order. Follow the rules
Post-Conventional (11+)
L5: Social contracting. Morally right not always = legally right; Mutual benefit, reciprocity. Conforms to maintain communities. Emphasis on individual rights.
L6: Individual principles of conscience. Universal human ethics. Morality greater than mutual benefit/"us"
57
Who was carol gilligan?
protogé of Kohlberg. Attributed women's poor performance on his moral develpt tests to the different developtment of women. Said women grow up more caring, nurturing than man and therefore develop different morally.
Emphasized morality of care over morality of justice.
58
Critics of Kohlberg say...
He only studied men, Western, from lower and middle class
59
What is an authoritarian parenting style?
(autocratic)
Parent: uses power, harsh punishment
Child: low self esteem, dependent, poor social skills
60
What is an authoritative parenting style?
(democratic)
Parent: uses love while punishing, sets boundaries, discusses punishments, involves the child
Child: strong self esteem, independent
61
What is an indifferent parenting style?
(uninvolved)
Parent: No time or patience for child, self-indulgent, absent
Child: develops disrespect, delinquency
62
What is an indulgent parenting style?
(Permissive)
Parent: No clear boundaries
Child: disrespect for authority and others, hard time setting limits, irresponsible
63
What is classical conditioning?
Pavlov
An unconditioned stimulus (UCS) creates an unconditioned response (UCR), which is a natural response.
In Pavlov's experiment, the "bell" represented a neutral stimulus that, through repeated pairing with food (the unconditioned stimulus), eventually became a conditioned stimulus, causing the dogs to salivate even when only hearing the bell sound (conditioned rsponse)
64
What is operant conditioning?
BF Skinner, John Watson
Behaviorists
When we punish, we weaken; when we reinforce we strengthen
For sth bad (behavior we want LESS of)
We give: positive punishment
We take away: negative reinforcement
For sth good (behavior we want MORE of)
We give: positive reinforcement
We take away: negative punishment
65
Neutral operants
responses that neither increase or decease probability of behavior being repeated
66
Reinforcements
response that increase probability of behavior being repeated
67
Punishers
response that decrease probability of behavior being repeated; weakens behavior
68
What do behaviorists believe?
"Behaviorists don't have feelings"
The environment manipulates biological and psychological drives and needs, resulting in development
Learning and behavior change is result of punishments and rewards
69
How many categories of HG&D theories are there and what are they?
LCPH
1. Learning - social, behavior, info processing
2. Psychoanalytic
3. Cognitive
4. Humanistic
70
Define "development"
In what areas does development occur?
Systematic changes and continuities in a person from birth til death.
These changes occur in 3 areas: physical, psychosocial, cognitive
71
What are the types of changes seen in HG&D?
Qualitative OR quantitative
Continuous OR discontinuous
Mechanistic OR organismic
72
What is qualitative change in HG&D?
Ex: Sexual development
changes in structure or organization
73
What is quantitative change in HG&D?
ex: intellectual devpmt
change in number, degree, frequency
74
What is continuous change in HG&D?
ex: personality devpmt
change is sequential, inseparable
75
What is discontinuous change in HG&D?
ex: language devpmt
change is separable
76
What is mechanistic change in HG&D?
ex: instinctual or reflexive behavior
reduction of behavior to common element
77
What is organismic change in HG&D?
ex: ethical or moral devpmt
b/c of new stages, there is discontinuity; greater than stimulus-response
78
What are the 4 primary neurotransmitters and their functions?
SGAD
Serotonin - feelings, behaving, thinking, emotional and cognitive processes; sleep & anxiety control (mood)
GABA - decrease anxiety, increase relaxation and sleep
Acetylcholine - memory, cognitive functioning, emotional balance and control
Dopamine - emotional wellness, motivation, pleasure
79
Differences bw morality of care and morality of justice
Morality of care
- Carol Gilligan's feminist response to Kohlberg's moral development (which focused primarily on men)
- re attachment: continuous, interconnection
- "don't turn away smn who needs help" (care)
Morality of justice
- emphasized equality, individualism
- re attachment: power differences, separation from parent
- "don't treat others unfairly" (justice/rights)
80
Robert Havighurst
Developmental task theory of development
- stages of growth
- must complete one stage before proceeding to next
- Developmental tasks:
These are the knowledge, skills, behaviors, attitudes gained from maturation, social learning, and personal effort
ARISE from: physical maturation, social and cultural influences, desires and values
LOOK like: knowledge, skills, behaviors, attitudes gained from maturation, social learning, and personal effort. Hi
81
Law of Effect
Edward Thorndike (E is Effect-ive like a Thorn)
said when a stimulus-response is followed by a reward (reinforcement) then that behavior is more likely to be repeated
(a behavior's consequences determine the likelihood of it being repeated)
82
What is the difference bw passive and active conditioning?
Classical - learner is passive. Ex: clicker training for dogs--they associate the click with xyz
Operant - learner is active; the learner must perform an operation iot get a reward. Ex: Offering the dog a treat after he poops
83
What is the libido?
Basic energy or force of life
consists of life instincts and death instincts
84
What is fixation?
Inhibited or incomplete development at one of Freud's stages
85
What are erogenous zones according to psychoanalytic approach?
mouth, anus, genitals
86
Piaget believed we inherited two tendencies. What are they?
Adaptation - adjustment to the environment
Organization - how we systematize and organize mental processes & knowledge
87
Daniel Levinson
wrote "The seasons of a man's life"
“Levi”=must levy Life Txs
The two LLs between names =Mid Life
identified 3 major transitions in life:
early adulthood (17-22)
*mid-life (40-45)
late adulthood (60-65)
*mid-life crises are natural to occur; part of normal development
Also said that in adulthood, individuals cope with 3 sets of development tasks:
1) build and modify life structure
2) form and modify single component of life structure (occupation, family, life dream...)
3) individuate tasks
88
Urie Bronfenbrenner
Viewed development through an ecological lens, considering ALL systems and influences (family, society, peers, commt'y)
89
What do social learning models consider that stimulus-response paradigms don’t?
They go beyond behavior (ie the stimulus-response paradigm) to consider the connection bw behavior and consequences
90
Who was Albert Bandura?
Social learning theory
His central concept: self-efficacy
Self efficacy facilitated in 4 ways:
1. Modeling others' behavior
2. Vicarious (watching others behaviior)
3. verbal persuasion (being told you can do sth)
4. Physiological state (noticing anxiety or arousal)
MVVP—> most very VERY valuable SOCIAL person is efficacy
91
Judith Jordan
Developed self-in-relation theory, now known as relational-cultural theory:
a. people grow toward relationships
b. mature functioning is characterized by mutuality
c. psychological growth is characterized by involvement in complex and
diversified relational networks
d. mutual empathy and empowerment are at the core
e. growth-fostering relationships require engagements to be authentic
f. growth-fostering relationships stimulate change
g. goals of development are characterized by an increasing ability to name and resist disconnections, sources of oppression, and obstacles to mutual relationships
92
Nancy Chodorow
OW in Chodorow=Oppression in Women
- Sociologist, psychoanalytic feminist
- first to speak up about bias against women in psychoanalytic theory
- said the domestic ideal causes oppression in women
93
Jean Baker Miller
"Toward a new psychology of women"
Ker =CAREtaKing
said a majority of women's lives are spent helping others develop emotionally, socially, intellectually. Therefore, women's CARETAKING nature distinguishes their development from men's.
94
Harriett Lerner
"The dance of intimacy"
Women need to re-evaluate their intimate reln's and LERN to balance bw other-oriented and self-absorption
95
Carol Tavris
"The mismeasure of Women"
society pathologizes women
different gender perspectives based on different gender roles
One side of the V in Tavris =gender perspectives,
Other side=gender roles
V=hourglass that mismeasures
96
Gail Sheehy
"Passages: Predictable crises in adult life"
Sheehy ~ sheet of paper. Rolled up paper =a passage
passages are:
- transition periods bw life stages
- different for most ppl
- provide oppty's to construct meaning and growth from crises
97
What % of US population believe in a divine power?
90%
98
Piaget's defn of 'intelligence'?
adaptive thinking or action,' thinking abstractly
99
Louis Thurstone
ID'd several primary mental abilities
Several S’s in his name=several intelligences
100
Charles Spearman
Spearman SPEAR headed SPECIAL abilities. “Tip of the spear is special”
general intelligence (g) and special abilities (s)
101
Intelligence is influenced by what?
environment, cultural, experience.
Problem with this is it imposes bias on intelligence tests for those who haven't had such cultural, environmental, or diverse experiences
102
propinquity
proximity or nearness
Ex: choosing a partner is more likely if s/he is close by
103
What is CMHC?
wellness is the goal, not the absence of psychopathological symptoms (medical model)
holistic orientation, views ppl as part of systems, values education and prevention over remediation, values development, sees normality as the baseline for the human condition
104
etiology
study of the cause of a disorder
105
equifinality
multiple paths to an outcome
Different ppl reaching same goal via different methods
(ie depression due to many things potentially)
106
psychopathology
study of psychological disorders
107
prognosis
anticipated course of a disorder
108
adaptive functioning
occurs when defense mechanisms are used to cope with stressors.
(-) adaption: delusional projection, psychological distortion
(+) adaptation: humor, sublimation, anticipation
109
Ego-dystonic vs ego-syntonic
ego-dystonic: symptoms or traits are DISSIMILAR to self (they're unlike me)
ego-syntonic: symptoms or traits are SIMILAR to SELF ("they are like me"). They are “in-sync” with their ego (Ie smn w NPD wouldn’t seek help because they are in sync WITH their ego). Central=all about me
ex: for most ppl stealing would be ego-dystonic, but for a thief it would be ego-syntonic
110
What is a clinical assessment vs a diagnosis?
Clinical assessment: process of determining psychological, social, biological factors associated with disorder (assessment=associated with)
Diagnosis: process of determining if presenting factors meet criteria for disorder (diagnose=determining)
111
Types of Causal Models
What are the sources of causes (etiology) of disorders for each one?
One dimensional - one cause for disorder. Not supported by research
Multidimensional- disorder is caused by interaction of several factors, such as: (becc)
- biology - genetics
- emotional - how we feel affects behavior (iie fear)
- cognition and behavior - how we acquire, store, and process info affects our behavior
- cultural and social: quantity and quality of relns affect us uh
112
What is a biopsychosocial history assessment?
examination that considers multiple reasons for behaviors and attitudes, but MUST CONTAIN a cultural context
Bio - genetics, medical history, medications, sleep patterns
Psycho - self-image, self-concept, mental states, emotions, trauma, drug use, coping skills, personal strengths & weaknesses
Social - relationships, family, work, socioeconomic and political influences, job stress, lifestyle, marriage, religious beliefs, worldview
113
What is a mental status exam?
A formal mental status exam covers 5 areas (stATuS=ATMIS):
Appearance & Behavior
Thought processes
Mood & affect
Intellectual functioning
Sensorium (a person's orientation to surroundings, time, location, identity)
When smn APPEARS for an exam their THINKING is assessed as well as their MOOD. Their INTELLECT and SENSORIUM
114
Difference bw a biopsychosocial history assessment and mental status exam?
The latter pinpoints the person's exact status at a point in time
115
Psychological assessments. What do they measure and what are examples?
Measure: cognitive, emotional or behavioral, personality.
("[I] Project My Personality into my Intelligence")
Ex:
Projective: Rorschback, (TAT) Thematic Apperception Test, Incomplete Sentences Blank
Personality: MMPI (Minnesota, Multiphasic Personality Inventory)
Intelligence: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS, "Adults are waaaay smart")
116
Neuropsychological tests. what do they measure and examples?
Measure: brain dysfunction and abilities (eg., perception, language expression, attn and concentration, memory, motor skills)
Ex:
Luria Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery ("Lure you to NE for Battery damage and location") - Measures location and damage of injury
Bender Visual-Motor Gestal Test - brain dysfunction, children
117
Examples of nonstandard or informal assessments
checklists or rating scales; subjective measures of attitudes/behaviors
118
What is the flow from assessment to...?
Assessment--> Case conceptualization (working hypothesis)-->diagnosis (using data from assessment)-->counseling activities, such as:
Treatment plan: what a client needs to do on a daily basis to improve mental health and daily functioning
Continuum of Care: from MOST RESTRICTIVE such as inpatient hospitalization, partial or day care, group care
to LEAST RESTRICTIVE: intensive outpatient program, home, outpatient services
119
Describe the DSM
Year founded? By who?
- Diagnostic & Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
- published 2013 by American Psychiatric Association
- contains (now current) ICD-11 codes
120
What are ICD codes?
International Classification of Diseases (Global system of classifying diseases)
Includes classification by World Health Orgn
HIPAA approved
121
Difference bw DSM and ICD?
DSM: provides defn, criteria, desc for diagnosis
ICD: provides code only once diagnosis has been made
122
The term “schema” belongs to who?
Piaget
123
What is the focus of origin for identifying disorders in the DSM?
Pathophysiological (biological origins).
Problems of growth and development of the brain or nervous system affect behavior, learning and social.
Consequence of this approach: overreliance on PXs and drugs, and less on psychotheraphy
124
The DSM relies on what type of assessments?
Dimensional scales/assessments (rather than categorical descriptions of disorders) that focus on frequency, duration, severity rather than presence/absence of symptoms
In the past, categorical descriptions of disorders were the rule; that is, a person either did or did not meet a set of clinical criteria, and that was the basis for a diagnosis. A more modern view with regard to diagnosis is a continuum of presenting symptoms or a dimensional assessment; a person might have any of a variety of positions on a spectrum. This approach is more specific to individual client presentations and allows for greater accuracy in making a diagnosis.
125
DSM-5 is axial or non-axial?
Non-axial. This is a change from previous versions
126
How is the DSM arranged in terms of chapter content?
Each chapter linked to structure of ICD
chapters roughly follow an age-related or development patterns, with childhood disorders in the beginning chapters and disorders common to older adults in later chapters.
127
What are V codes?
conditions that are NOT attributable to mental disorders but important intervention efforts (ie, relationship problem, work, abuse)
128
How are depressive disorders generally summarized in the DSM? (how are they characterized? comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
- do not contain any disorders related to mania
- bereavement excluded as major part of depressive episode
Common treatment: medication and psychotherapy
Most effective treatments: CBT, interpersonal therapy
Specific disorders (Dm-Md-P-P):
- Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder
- MDD
- Persistent depressive disorder
- Premenstrual dysphoric disorder
129
How are bipolar and related disorders generally summarized in the DSM? (how are they characterized? comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
- mania and hypomania focus on changes in activity and energy
- depression and anxiety often comorbid with bipolar and related disorders
- Common treatments: mood-stabilizing medication, psychotherapy (psychoeducation, family focused therapy, CBT, interpersonal therapy)
Specific disorders:
- Bipolar I: manic episode>=1 week, no depression
- Bipolar II: hypomanic but less severe, often with depression
- Cyclothymic disorder: milder form of bipolar; frequent mood swings bw depression and hypomania
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How are anxiety disorders generally summarized in the DSM? (how are they characterized? comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
Characterized by fear (anticipation of the future) and physiological symptoms, such as heart palpitations, sweating, shortness of breath
Treatment: CBT, behavior therapy, relaxation training
comorbidity w/depressive episodes
siX anXiety disorders (think S4PA)
1. separation anxiety
2. social anxiety
3. selective mutism (fear of speaking up in certain settings)
4. specific phobias
5. panic disorder
6. agoraphobia (fear of inability to escape or receive help)
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How are OCD and related disorders generally summarized in the DSM? (how are they characterized? comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
characterized by obsessive preoccupation w/engagement in repetitive behavior
comorbidity: anxiety and depression, hypochondriasis, eating disorder, ADHD
treatment: psychopharmacology & Psychotherapy. Specifically, CBT (ie exposure and response prevention)
Disorders include (think "O-BETH" for O-CD)
OCD
Body dysmorphic disorder
Excoriation disorder (skin picking)
Trichotrillomania disorder (hair pulling)
Hoarding disorder
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How are trauma and related disorders generally summarized in the DSM? (how are they characterized? comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
sexual, disaster, physical abuse, torture, severe car accidents...any traumatic or stressful event that threatens one's cognitive, emotional, social, physical, or spiritual wellbeing.
Treatment: Psychopharmacology, psychotherapy-->(determined by age, nature, duration, coping skills and support of individual)
Trauma- and stress-related disorders (PRAAD):
a. PTSD
b. Reactive adjustment disorder
c. Adjustment disorder
d. Acute stress disorder
c. Disinhibited social engagement disorder
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How is gender dysphoria in children, adolescents, adults generally characterized in the DSM?
When one's assigned gender is different from the one with which they identify
NOT a disorder, but included in the DSM as consideration for possible medical intervention (so the client has sth to take to Dr.)
Treatment: supporting the client navigate their feelings and helping to optimize daily functioning
There is diagnostic criteria for:
- Gender dysphoria in adults
- Gender dysphoria in children and adolscents
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How are substance- related and addictive disorders generally summarized in the DSM? (how are they characterized? comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
Abuse and dependence NOT part of diagnosis
~22M users in US
Focuses on 10 classes of drugs
cluster of cognitive, behavioral, physiological symptoms typify disorder
severity rated as mild, moderate, or severe
Treatment: medically-controlled substitutes, mindfulness, adaptive coping (behvior replacement)
Some disorders include (chaossi)
Cannabis
Hallucinogen
Alcohol related disorders
Opioid
Sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic related disorders
Stimulant
Inhalant
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Gambling has similar neurochemical brain responses as...
risk-taking behavior
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How are disruptive, impulse-control, and conduct disorders generally summarized in the DSM? (how are they characterized? comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
Aggressive behavior, destructive, self-destructive, conflict with authority, disregard for norms, outbursts disproportionate to situation
Problems with emotional and behavioral regulation
typically appear in childhood or adolescence
Treatment: family/parent intervention (if child), fostering positive time bw parent and child, psychopharmacology (esp for pyromania and klepto.)
Disorders (PO-ICK. Think "prick" behavior):
Pyromania
Oppositional defiant disorder
Intermittent explosive disorder
Conduct disorder
kleptomania
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How are specific behavioral disorders generally characterized in the DSM (comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
Behavioral disruptions classified into 5 areas
- Grouped together bc ea disrupts the person's behavior
"[I] wake up from sleep
have sex
too much sex becomes pedophilic
that I need to eliminate
and then eat food" (SSPEF)
Sleep-Wake disorders
- insomnia
- restless leg syndrome
Sexual dysfunctions
- erectile dysfunction
- premature ejacuation
- female orgasmic disorder
Pedophilic disorder
- voyeuristic
- fetish
- pedophilia
Elimination
- Enuresis (bed wetting)
- Encopresis (soiling)
Food/Eating disorders (BBARP)
- Binge eating
- Bulimia (binge eating then purging)
- Anorexia (self-starvation)
- Rumination disorder (regurgitating undigested or partially digested food)
- Pica (eating non-food substances)
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How are neurodevelopmental and neurocogntive disorders generally characterized in the DSM (comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
often times diagnosed by medical provider because it's likely biological
counselor often works in conjunction with client, family, and medical provider
Neurodevelopmental= childhood (ILAA)
- Intellectual
- Language
- Autism spectrum disorder
- ADHA (attn deficit hyperactivity disorder)
Neurocognitive=later life (DAP)
- Delirium
- Alzheimer's
- Parkinson's
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How are schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders generally characterized in the DSM (comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
Characterized by a >=1 of 5 symptom classes:
1. negative symptoms
2. disorganized thinking
3. delusions
4. hallucinations
5. disorganized or abnormal motor behavior
If present-->refer to medical personnel for definitive diagnosis
Treatment: CBT, psychoeducation, family intervention
Disorders:
- Brief psychotic disorder
- schizophrenia
- schizoaffective disorder
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How are dissociative disorders generally characterized in the DSM (comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
Represent a disconnection bw things usually connected where disconnection signifies disruption in normal integration of (starting inner and working outer): consciousness, identity, memory, body representation, motor control, behavior
Usually associated with trauma
Can occur at any age
Likely causes: medical intervention, seizures, drug use, brain injury
Comorbidity (depression, anxiety, substance use are typical) is signal to be alert for self-injurious or suicidal behavior
Treatment: working through traumatic memories, CBT, DBT, hypnosis
5 types of dissociations (start with the person's inner most world and work out; person first, then reality, then identity...):
- depersonalization, derealization, identity confusion, identity alteration, amnesia
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How are somatic symptoms and related disorders generally characterized in the DSM (comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
characterized by presence of physical or somatic complaints and associated thoughts, feelings, behaviors.
The main diagnostic feature of somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is not the symptom that is being reported or the one that causes the client the most concern. Rather, it is the excessive focus and thoughts about that symptom that form SSD. Thus, a person who is obsessed with their symptom of shortness of breath would appear to be suffering from SSD.
These complaints are not validated by medical but are real to the person.
Treatment: counseling may use a problem solving approach
Disorders: (SIC, which is ironic)
Somatic symptom disorder
Illness anxiety disorder
Conversion disorder
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How are personality disorders generally characterized in the DSM (comorbidity? common treatments? specific disorders?)
persistent maladaptive patterns in behavior, affect, cognition, and interpersonal functioning that are contrary to one's culture.
Treatment: difficult to treat as the patterns persist throughout one's life
- psychotherapy>psychopharmacology
10 classes of disorders (AABSS N PHOD)
- Antisocial
- Avoidant
- Borderline
- Schizoid
- Schizotypal
- Narcisisstic
- Paranoid
- Histrionic (acting in a dramatic & emotional way to get attn)
- Obsessive-compulsive
- Dependent
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Defn of 'Mental Illness'?
Severe emotional or thought disturbances negatively affect one's health and safety
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What was the process of deinstitutionalization?
An effort in the 1980s to move ppl out of mental institutions-->increase in homelessness and criminal justice contacts
145
Right to treatment legislation?
ensures appropriate treatment for patients in mental institutions
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What COVID-19 resources are available on its website?
Parental Resource Kit, designed to help people cope.
Divvied into 4 age groups:
early childhood (0-5)
childhood (6-12)
adolescents (13-17)
early adulthood (18-24)
Offers challenges and resources for ea age group in the areas of:
- changes in routine
- breaks in continuity of learning
- breaks in continuity of healthcare
- missed significant life events
- lost security and safety
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Roughly how many substance users in US?
~22M users in US
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Examples of nomothetic approach
Studies groups (ie DSM, behaviorism) as opposed to individual
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“Toward a new psychology of women” written by who?
Jean baker miller
150
“The dance of intimacy” author?
Harriett Lerner
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“The mismeasure of Women” author?
Carol Tavris
V=hourglass that mismeasures
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The sequence of object loss best describes the work of who?
Bowlby
153
What is a critical period?
A sensitive learning or growth period
Within child development, a critical period is one in which some process or behavior must be successfully completed, or else it is much more difficult to achieve later. Such things as language and some kinds of social learning must be completed at certain ages, or they will become much more challenging to develop at a later time.
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what is the 'zone of proximal development?"
Lev Vygotsky suggested that cognitive development is produced by external factors and circumstances. He described a zone of proximal development that marked the difference between what a child can do on their own and what they will need help to do.
Basically, it refers to what a child can’t complete independently, but can complete with support.
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Describe Piaget's conceptualization of moral development
Piaget suggested two major stages: the heteronomous stage and the autonomous stage, which begins at approximately age 10. Heteronomous morality occurs between ages 4 and 7, when the child views rules as absolutes that result in punishment. Autonomous morality is characterized by the child’s perception that rules are relative and can be altered or changed
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Abreaction
the expression and consequent release of a previously repressed emotion, achieved through reliving the experience that caused it (typically through hypnosis or suggestion)
Ex
A domestic violence survivor flinches and starts to panic whenever someone at work raises their voice. A child who had a painful experience at the dentist starts to cry when their parent turns on an electric toothbrush.
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What is a holophrase?
A holophrase refers to a vocalization, commonly after the first year of life, in which only one or two words are used to
communicate meaning. Holophrases generally do not adhere to rules of grammar or sentence structure and are seen as a building block to further and more robust expression in language.
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What are the stages of development per Havighurst?
Infancy in early childhood (0-5)
- Learn to walk, use the toilet, talk, form relationships
Middle childhood (6-12)
- learn school related skills (ie reading), conscience and values, independence
Adolescence (13-17)
- establish emotional independence, learn skills for job, achieve, gender based social role, established, mature, relationships with peers
Early adulthood (18-35)
- choose a partner, establish a family, manage home, establish career
Middle age (36-60)
- maintain a standard of living, perform, civic, and Social responsibilities, maintain relationship with spouse, adjust to physiological changes
Later maturity (60+)
- adjust to deteriorating health, retirement, meet social, and civil obligations, adjust to loss of spouse
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Positive verse negative symptoms regarding schizophrenia 
Positive symptoms are things you have that you shouldn’t have, negative symptoms are things that you don’t i.e. aspect 
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Stages development of speech per Vygotsky
social speech, private speech, and inner speech.
Social speech
~2yr old
external communication used to interact with others. using language to communicate with others, build shared meanings, and engage in social interactions. For example, a child might use "please" to request something or respond to a parent's questions
private speech
~3yr old
self-directed speech used for cognitive development
This stage, typically occurring around age three, involves a child talking to themselves out loud, often during play or when facing a challenging task. Private speech serves a self-regulatory function, helping the child think through problems and organize their thoughts
inner speech
~7 yr old
As children mature, usually by age seven, private speech becomes internalized and transforms into inner speech. This is a silent, internal monologue that guides a child's thoughts and actions. Inner speech is a more condensed and efficient form of thinking than private speech
silent internal monologue
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Premise of Vygotsky’s theory 
Vygotsky's theory emphasizes the social and cultural context in which language development occurs. He believed that language plays a crucial role in cognitive development, as it allows individuals to learn from others, internalize knowledge, and use cultural tools
