Counseling Theory 1 Flashcards
Theory Basics, Psychodynamic and Cognitive Behavioral Theories (85 cards)
1
Q
Psychoanalysis
A
Freud
2
Q
Ego Psychology
A
Hartmann
3
Q
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
A
Stack Sullivan
4
Q
Object Relations
A
Kernberg, Winnicott, Mahler, Klein
5
Q
Self-Psychology
A
Kohut
6
Q
Jungian
A
Carl Jung
7
Q
Individual Psychology
A
Adler
8
Q
Gestalt
A
(Fritz and Laura Perls)
9
Q
Existential Therapy
A
Frankl, May, Yalom
10
Q
Person-Centered
A
Rogers, Carkhuff
11
Q
Classical Conditioning
A
Pavlov, Wolpe
12
Q
Operant Conditioning
A
Skinner, Thorndike
13
Q
Social Learning
A
Bandura
14
Q
Reality
A
Glasser
15
Q
Cognitive
A
Beck
16
Q
Rational-Emotive Behavior
A
Ellis
17
Q
Cognitive-behavior Modification
A
Meichenbaum
18
Q
EMDR
A
Shapiro
19
Q
Transactional analysis
A
Berne
20
Q
Basic counseling micro skills
A
Attending
Minimal encouragers
Open and closed questions Reflections of content, feeling, meaning
Paraphrasing and summarizing Confrontation
Interpretation
Immediacy
Self-disclosure
Feedback and the use of “I statements”
Psychoeducation
21
Q
What is counseling consultation
A
Focus is on resolving a problem
22
Q
Counseling consultation three step process:
A
establish rapport,
identify problem and set goals,
assess effectiveness and conclude consultation
23
Q
Who created psychodynamic mental health consultation
A
Caplan
24
Q
psychodynamic mental health consultation main points
A
The consultant does not see the client directly but advises the consultee (i.e., the individual in the organization who is receiving the consultant’s services). recommends that the consultant—not the counselor/consultee—be ethically and legally responsible for the client’s welfare and treatment
25
Who created behavioral consultation or social learning theory consultation model
Bandura
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behavioral consultation model purpose
The consultant designs behavioral change programs for the consultee to implement.
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Explain Schein's process consultation model
Analogous to the “doctor–patient” model, The consultant is paid to diagnose the problem (i.e., the consultee is not certain what it is) and prescribe a solution. The focus is on the agency or organization, not the individual client. Process consultation focuses on the process used to solve the problem rather than the content of the problem
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Explain Schein's purchase of expertise model (second consultation model)
The consultee says: Here’s the problem; you fix it. Similar to the doctor–patient model, except that the consultee knows what is wrong.
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How does the triadic consultation model work
The consultant works with a mediator to provide services to a client
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Prognosis
probable outcome in a case
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Diagnosis
meets criteria for mental disorder
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Symptoms
components of criteria for mental disorder
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Treatment plan
interventions to address the diagnosis, in order of occurrence
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What are the different schools of counseling
Psychodynamic and Adlerian, Cognitive-Behavioral Existential-Humanistic Constructivist and Feminist
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What theories fall under Psychodynamic
Psychoanalysis Individual Psychology Jungian Neo-Freudian Attachment
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Core ideas of Sigmund Freud’s Psychoanalysis
Unconscious motivations drive our behavior (drive theory), Drives are typically about reproduction (Eros) or aggression (Thanatos) Conscious, preconscious, unconscious Psychosexual development Transference vs. counter-transference
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Psychoanalysis Techniques:
Free association, Dream analysis (manifest vs. latent content)
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Freud’s structure of personality
Id ego superego
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What are the following: Repression Denial Reaction Formation, Projection Displacement Sublimation Rationalization and Regression
Psychoanalysis Ego Defense Mechanisms
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Unconscious blocking of unacceptable thoughts, feelings and impulses is called
Repression
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Reversion to earlier stage of development, in face of unacceptable impulses is called
Regression
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Redirecting thoughts/feelings from unsafe person to safe person is called
Displacement
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Misattribution of own thoughts and feelings onto another person is called
Projection
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Convincing oneself or others that an action was reasonable in the circumstances is called
Rationalization
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Channeling unacceptable impulses, thoughts, and emotions into more acceptable ones is called
Compensation/Sublimation
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Rejection of thoughts, feelings, or ideas that feel threatening is called
Denial
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Avoiding feeling emotions through overemphasis on rational thought is called
Intellectualization
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Converting unwanted or dangerous thoughts or feelings into their opposites is called
Reaction Formation
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Neo-Freudian models
Ego psychology Interpersonal psychotherapy Object relations Self-psychology
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Ego psychology creators and main focus
Hartmann, Anna Freud, Jacobson, Mahler Ego can develop maturity and autonomy in healthy environments Focused on child counseling
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Interpersonal psychotherapy creators and main focus
Harry Stack Sullivan, Problematic interpersonal relationships mental disorders Focus is on client interactional patterns, rather than past relationships
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Object relations creators and main focus
Kernberg, Winnicott, Mahler, Melanie Klein, How babies and infants interact with people objects in their environment, Splitting/black-or-white thinking
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Self-psychology creators and main focus
Kohut, Problems result from unsatisfied needs. Therapist empathy is more important than interpretation -focused on narsasism
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Jungian Core ideas:
A person individuates or becomes their own person as they age, Spirituality and culture are important to development, Archetypes Holistic; people lose touch with parts of themselves as they age Personal vs. collective unconscious, Personality types (introversion-extroversion; thinking-feeling).
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Myers-Briggs Type Indicator was later based on what theory
Jung’s theory
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Jungian Techniques:
Amplification: Comparison of dreams to archetypes, literature, art, folklore, Active imagination: talk to characters in dreams
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Jung’s Personality Structure
Self, Anima/Animus - Masculine and Feminine parts, Shadow - Unacceptable impulses, Persona - Public image
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Jung’s Archetypes
The hero, the child, the wise old man, the earth mother, the demon, the god, the snake
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Adler created what theory
Individual Psychology
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Individual Psychology Core ideas
Healthy individuals have social interest and compassion; people strive for growth, Inferiority and compensation through superiority complex Lifestyle (personal narrative)
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Individual Psychology Techniques
Lifestyle analysis and early recollections Asking as-if, spitting in the soup Encouragement Asking the question (cf. miracle question)
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Individual Psychology Lifestyle idea
Encouragement/discouragement leads to superiority/inferiority
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Encouragement> Confidence>self-efficacy>Learned hardiness (keep trying)>Achievement identity
Discouragement Self-doubt, inefficacy Learned helplessness (stop trying) Failure identity
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Basic mistakes
Overgeneralizations Misperceptions of life and life’s demands Denial of one’s worth Faulty values
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Birth Order
the order in which a child is born shapes their development and personality. Adler also claimed that family, community, and social aspects play a major role in shaping a child's personality
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Oldest child
Can be leaders of family; most independent; take over authority if parent is impaired / unavailable
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Middle child
Can compete with oldest child; maybe more relaxed, seek parental attention; best able to adapt to new situations
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Youngest child
Can be pampered or spoiled by parents and/or older siblings; tend to enjoy a role of making others laugh and use humor
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Single child
Most familiar with adult interactions rather than same-age; may lack social skills such as give-and-take
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Cognitive-Behavioral theorists
Skinner Bandura Wolpe Beck, Ellis, Meichenbaum Shapiro Glasser
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What theory are these men associated with Skinner, Bandura, Wolpe
Behavioral theory
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Behavioral theory Core ideas:
Focus is on observable behavioral events and helping clients to change Insight and phenomenology are less important Reinforcement and shaping (operant conditioning) Extinction, extinction burst, spontaneous recovery Noncontingent reinforcement Three term contingency: Antecedent > Behavior > Consequence
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Techniques:
Token economy Behavior rehearsal, roleplaying Systematic desensitization, flooding, exposure hierarchy
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What is a Token Economy
Clients earn tokens for desired behavior. Easy reinforcement first, reward the client in frequent increments for longer activities, reinforcement becomes progressively difficult to access as the client demonstrates mastery and tokens are not taken away for misbehavior
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What is the exposure hierarchy
a list of situations, objects, or activities that a person avoids or fears, ranked in order of difficulty. The least anxiety-provoking situations are at the bottom of the hierarchy, while the most anxiety provoking situations are at the top
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Explain Systematic Desensitization steps
First, you'll learn ways to relax your muscles. Next, you'll make a list of your fears and rank them based on how intense your fears are. Last, you'll start exposing yourself to your fear in stages so you get more and more comfortable dealing with it.
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What are the basics of Shapiro’s EMDR Eye movement desensitization and reprocessing
Relaxation training > discuss trauma > process reaction and uses bilateral stimulation to facilitate adaptive information processing (AIP)
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What theory are these men associated with Beck, Ellis, Meichenbaum
Cognitive
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Cognitive theory Core ideas:
man is disturbed not by things, but the view he takes of them (Epictetus), Automatic thoughts vs. schematic thoughts (Beck) Cognitive distortions (Beck) and irrational beliefs (Ellis) Cognitive triad: Beliefs about self, others, the world (Beck)
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Cognitive theory Techniques:
Socratic questioning (Beck) and disputation (Ellis), Action planning, homework, directives Thought stopping Guided imagery, progressive muscle relaxation Psychoeducation Stress inoculation training (Meichenbaum’s cognitive-behavior modification)
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List Cognitive Distortions
All-or-nothing Overgeneralizations Mental filter Discounting positives Jumping to conclusions/Mind reading/fortune telling Magnification Emotional reasoning “Shoulds” Labeling Personalization of blame
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What is Ellis’ ABC Model
Activating Event > Beliefs > Consequences EB > Disputation of IBs > Effective new beliefs and Consequences EB >
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What theory is Glasser associated with
Reality therapy
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Reality therapy Core ideas:
We have control over our behavior Sometimes our actions are incongruent with our goals and needs
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Wubbolding’s Reality therapy WDEP system
Compare action to goals useing
Wants, Direction and Doing, Evaluation, Planning
