cph Flashcards by Winnah Rodriguez

is the invasion of an organism’s body tissues by
disease-causing agents, their multiplication, and the reaction of
host tissues to the infectious agents and the toxins they
produce.

INFECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

also known as transmissible disease or
communicable disease, is illness resulting from an infection.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Symptomatic infections are

APPARENT & CLINICAL

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

infection that is active but does not produce noticeable
symptoms

INAPPARENT (SILENT, SUBCLINICAL, OCCULT)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

infection that is inactive or dormant

LATENT INFECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

example of a latent bacterial infection

LATENT TUBERCULOSIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

short-term infection

ACUTE INFECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

long-term infection

CHRONIC INFECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

causative agents of infection

bacterial, viral, fungal, parasitic

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses
of the hosts they infect.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cause disease as a result of their presence or activity within the normal, healthy host, and their intrinsic virulence

PRIMARY PATHOGENS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

can cause an infectious disease in a host
with depressed resistance (immunodeficiency) or if they have
unusual access to the inside of the body (for example, via trauma).

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

may be caused by microbes ordinarily in
contact with the host, such as pathogenic bacteria or fungi in the
gastrointestinal or the upper respiratory tract, and they may also
result from (otherwise innocuous) microbes acquired from other
hosts

OPPORTUNISTIC INFECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

can cause an infectious disease in a host
with depressed resistance (immunodeficiency) or if they have
unusual access to the inside of the body (for example, via trauma).

OPPORTUNISTIC PATHOGENS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is the habitat in which the agent
normally lives, grows, and multiplies.

RESERVOIR

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

list types of reservoirs

humans
animals
environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

may also cause more severe disease in a host
with depressed resistance than would normally occur in an
immunosufficient host.

PRIMARY PATHOGENS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is infection that is, or can practically be
viewed as, the root cause of the current health problem.

PRIMARY INFECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

is sequela or complication of a root cause.

SECONDARY INFECTION

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

or healthy carriers are those
who never experience symptoms despite being infected

ASYMPTOMATIC OR PASSIVE

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are those who can transmit the agent
during the incubation period before clinical illness begins.

INCUBATORY CARRIERS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are those who have recovered from
their illness but remain capable of transmitting to others.

CONVALESCENT CARRIERS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

are those who continue to harbor a
pathogen such as hepatitis B virus or Salmonella Typhi, the
causative agent of typhoid fever, for months or even years
after their initial infection.

CHRONIC CARRIERS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

refers to an infectious disease that is
transmissible under natural conditions from vertebrate animals to
humans.

ZOONOSIS

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

zoonotic diseases

brucellosis (cows and pigs), anthrax (sheep), plague (rodents), trichinellosis/trichinosis (swine), tularemia (rabbits), and rabies (bats, raccoons, dogs, and other mammals).

environmental reservoirs

plants soil water

is the path by which a pathogen leaves its host

PORTAL OF EXIT

an infectious agent is transferred from a reservoir to a susceptible host by direct contact or droplet spread

DIRECT TRANSMISSION

modes of transmission

DIRECT ➢Direct contact ➢Droplet spread INDIRECT ➢Airborne ➢Vehicleborne ➢Vectorborne (mechanical or biologic)

occurs through skin-to-skin contact, kissing, and sexual intercourse

DIRECT CONTACT

refers to spray with relatively large, short-range aerosols produced by sneezing, coughing, or even talking

DROPLET SPREAD

refers to the transfer of an infectious agent from a reservoir to a host by suspended air particles, inanimate objects (vehicles), or animate intermediaries (vectors).

INDIRECT TRANSMISSION

occurs when infectious agents are carried by dust or droplet nuclei suspended in air.

AIRBORNE TRANSMISSION

Vehicles that may indirectly transmit an infectious agent

food, water, biologic products (blood), and fomites (inanimate objects such as handkerchiefs, bedding, surgical scalpels).

may carry an infectious agent through purely mechanical means or may support growth or changes in the agent

VECTORS

may indirectly transmit an infectious agent

VEHICLES

examples of vectors

mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks

refers to the manner in which a pathogen enters a susceptible host.

PORTAL OF ENTRY

they exit the source host in feces

FECAL-ORAL ROUTE

Other portals of entry

the skin (hookworm), mucous membranes (syphilis), blood (hepatitis B, human immunodeficiency virus).

final link in the chain of infection

HOST

refers to protective antibodies that are directed against a specific agent.

SPECIFIC IMMUNITY

suggests that if a high enough proportion of individuals in a population are resistant to an agent, then those few who are suo pide will be protected by the resistant majority,

HERD IMMUNITY

promote development of specific antibodies that protect against infection.

VACCINATION

means that not everyone in a community needs to be resistant (immune) to prevent disease spread and occurrence of an outbreak.

HERD IMMNUNITY

can arise if the host's protective immune mechanisms are compromised and the organism inflicts damage on the host.

DISEASE

can cause tissue damage by releasing a variety of toxins or destructive enzymes.

MICROORGANISMS

occur because the body is unable to clear the organism after the initial infection.

PERSISTENT INFECTION

are characterized by the continual presence of the infectious organism, often as latent infection with occasional recurrent relapses of active infection.

PERSISTENT INFECTION

refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual over time, in the absence of treatment

NATURAL HISTORY OF DISEASE

typical incubation period for hepatitis A

7 weeks

refers to the proportion of exposed persons who become infected.

INFECTIVITY

refers to the proportion of infected individuals who develop clinically apparent disease.

PATHOGENICITY

refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

VIRULENCE

the number of cases of a disease

MORBIDITY

the number of deaths due to a disease

MORTALITY

is any disease caused by the direct effect of a pathogen.

INFECTIOUS DISEASE

a pathogen may be:

cellular (bacteria, parasites, and fungi) acellular (viruses, viroids, and prions).

Diseases that are contracted as the result of a medical procedure

IATROGENIC DISEASE

can occur after procedures involving wound treatments, catheterization, or surgery if the wound or surgical site becomes contaminated.

IATROGENIC DISEASE

Diseases acquired in hospital settings

NOSOCOMIAL DISEASE

Certain infectious diseases are not transmitted between humans directly but can be transmitted from animals to humans.

ZOONOTIC DISEASE

can be caused by a wide variety of factors, including genetics, the environment, or immune system dysfunction,

NON-INFECTIOUS DISEASE

is a disease that occurs when a pathogen is transferred from a vertebrate animal to a human;

ZOONOSIS

five periods of disease

❖incubation, ❖prodromal, ❖Illness, ❖decline, ❖convalescence periods

occurs in an acute disease after the initial entry of the pathogen into the host (patient). It is during this time the pathogen begins multiplying in the host

INCUBATION PERIOD

During this period, the patient is unaware that a disease is beginning to develop

INCUBATION PERIOD

occurs after the incubation period. During this phase, the pathogen continues to multiply and the host begins to experience general signs and symptoms of illness

PRODROMAL PERIOD

the number of pathogen particles begins to decrease, and the signs and symptoms of illness begin to decline.

PERIOD OF DECLINE

during which the signs and symptoms of disease are most obvious and severe.

PERIOD OF ILLNESS

patient generally returns to normal functions, although some diseases may inflict permanent damage that the body cannot fully repair.

PERIOD OF CONVALESCENCE

pathologic changes occur over a relatively short time (c.g., symptoms are too general to indicate a particular disease. hours, days, or a few weeks)

ACUTE DISEASE

pathologic changes can occur over decline period, patients may become susceptible to developing longer time spans (e.g. months, years, or a lifetime)

CHRONIC DISEASE

as opposed to chronic infections, the causal pathogen goes dorman or extended periods of time with no active replication.

LATENT DISEASES

which are applied to living tissue/skin

ANTISEPTICS

which destroy microorganisms found on non-living objects.

DISINFECTANTS

called prophylactic when given as prevention rather as treatment of infection.

ANTIBIOTICS

Resistance to infection

IMMUNITY

one that is spread from one person to another through a variety of ways that include contact with blood and bodily fluids, breathing in an airborne virus, or by being bitten by an insect.

COMMUNICABLE DISEASE

Contact Communicable diseases:

scabies, pediculosis, fleas, bedbugs, acute bacterial conjunctivitis etc.

Sexually transmitted and HIV/AIDS vector borne communicable diseases:

bancroftian filariasisn onchocerciasis, yellow fever, relapsing fever, schistosomiasis etc

Diseases caused by the faccal matter through oral contamination:

amoebiasis, cholera, food poisoning, poliomyelitis etc.

Helminthic diseases:

Ascariasis, enterobiasis, hookworm etc.

Air borne diseases:

acute respiratory infections, meningitis, tuberculosis etc.

is another very common communicable disease which is spread by any contact- either by sharing eatables or drinking from the utensils which are contaminated or used by the infected person.

GASTROENTERITIS

is a form of conjunctivitis caused by the bacteria or virus. The virus which is responsible for causing the common cold is the virus which spreads the pink eye communicable disease

PINK EYE

It is a sexually transmitted communicable disease which is caused by bacteria.

GONORRHEA

It is a viral infection of liver and causes life threatening outcomes.

HEPATITIS

is a highly communicable disease which causes the infection in all ages- whether a child or an adult. The common symptoms áre runny nose, fever, cough common. People all over the world have about more than 16 and respiratory infection.

WHOOPING COUGH

has symptoms of fever, constant coughing and sneezing, sore throat and runny nose, the whole body aches and becomes restless, fatigue and low feeling

INFLUENZA

comes with fever, fatigue, vesicles on the body, itchiness, fatigue

CHICKEN POX

comes with pain in the abdomen (from mild to severe), vomits, feeling of nausea, loss of appetite, fever and tiredness.

GASTROENTERITIS

with the redness of eyes, itching in the eyes, tears streaming down and any secretion from the eyes which is not normal and usual.

ACUTE CONJUNCTIVITIS

symptoms are fever or headache.

FLU

accompanied with sore throat, coughing, sneezing and blocked nose.

COMMON COLD

shows the presence of some red coloured ring shaped scaly rashes. They are itchy and spread more as you rub or scratch.

RINGWORM

is shown by the symptoms of fever, headache, loss of appetite, nauseated feeling and weakness.

HEPATITIS A

is characterised by fever, swelling and tenderness of the salivary glands.

MUMPS

has the symptoms such as irritating cough which turns into violent cough.

WHOOPING COUGH

a communicable disease which is caused by a virus, and is spread through the body fluids. This disease can also spread from an infected pregnant mother to the child. The effects are very severe and lead to hearing impairment, mental retardation or visual impairment.

CMV OR CYTOMEGALOVIRUS

another severe illness which is connected to the liver cancer. The symptoms are fatigue, abdominal pain, nausea, vomiting, joint pains and jaundice. The transmission is through blood, from pregnant mother to child, through sexual contact or through a medium.

HEPATITIS B

where does vaccine word come from

VACCINIA (latin name for cowpox)

The first vacçine was developed by

EDWARD JENNER

who invented vaccine for rabbies

LOUIS PASTEUR

refers to the practice of giving anti-infective drugs to prevent occurrence of disease in individuals who are likely to be exposed to an infectious disease or who might have already been infected but have not developed disease.

CHEMOPROPHYLAXIS

last case of naturally occurring smallpox

1977

are compounds that are produced by microorganisms that kill or inhibit the growth of other microorganisms.

antibiotics

Those that kill bacteria are called

BACTERICIDAL

those that prevent multiplication (and rely on the body's defense mechanisms to deal with the limited number of living organisms) are called

BACTERIOSTATIC

cph Flashcards

(109 cards)