CPL Theory Flashcards
To learn all necessary theory for the CPL Flight Test. CAO's - 155 Questions CAA's - 3 Questions CAR's - 43 Questions Subject is incomplete. Covers up to approximately middle of CAR's. Accurate as at MAR 2016 (203 cards)
1
Q
When must external control surface locks, undercarriage pins and locks, or other external locking or restricting devices, be removed?
A
Prior to taxiing for the purpose of taking off.
CAO 20.2.2.2
2
Q
Who may remove external control surface locks, undercarriage pins and locks, or other external locking or restricting devices?
A
PIC or co-pilot. Or, another personal directed by the PIC and the PIC or co-pilot must visually confirm the locks have been removed.
CAO 20.2.2.3
3
Q
If an aircraft has been parked in winds exceeding 35kts and the control surfaces have not been locked, what is the requirement?
A
PIC or a LAME must inspect the control systems and control surface attachments for damage before flight.
CAO 20.2.2.4
4
Q
Normally, flight controls must be tested immediately before take-off. If external control locks have been removed, or it is the first flight since control surfaces or control systems have been worked on for maintenance, when must the controls be tested?
A
Immediately before taxiing for the purpose of taking off.
CAO 20.2.2.5
5
Q
When must the PIC ensure all doors, escape hatches and loading hatches are properly secured?
A
Immediately before taxiing for the purpose of taking off.
CAO 20.2.3
6
Q
What precautions must be made before solo flight in an aircraft fitted with dual controls?
A
PIC must ensure safety harness and any other articles or equipment which may foul the controls are safely secured. If the second control column is readily removable - it must be removed.
CAO 20.2.4
7
Q
When must the fuel system be inspected?
A
Before the first flight of the day.
After each refueling.
Any other time CASA or the AFM requires.
CAO 20.2.5.1 (a) ii
8
Q
If we are hot refueling, are we required to test the fuel system as per CAO 20.2.5.1 (a) ii?
A
No. However, this does not effect the requirement to do so before the start of each day’s flying.
CAO 20.2.5.1A
9
Q
If significant water is found to be present in the fuel system, what must be done?
A
The PIC must ensure all traces of it are removed from the fuel system, including fuel filters before further flight.
CAO 20.2.5.2
10
Q
When must fuel take vents be inspected for freedom of obstruction?
A
Before the first flight each day.
CAO 20.2.5.3
11
Q
Above what height must passengers be briefed on the location and manner of operating the oxygen as well as the necessity of using oxygen in the event of cabin depressurisation - in a pressurised aircraft?
A
Above FL250.
CAO 20.4.4.4
12
Q
Above what height must passengers be briefed on the location and manner of operating the oxygen as well as when to use oxygen - in a unpressurised aircraft?
A
Above FL140
CAO 20.4.4.5
13
Q
When must a flight crew member be provided with and continuously use oxygen in an unpressurised aircraft?
A
Above 10,000ft.
CAO 20.4.6.1
14
Q
A crew member in an unpressurised aircraft must be provided supplemental oxygen when?
A
Any period exceeding 30 minutes between 10,000ft and FL120 inclusive.
OR
At all times above FL120
CAO 20.4.6.3
15
Q
When must a crew member in an unpressurised aircraft use supplemental oxygen?
A
Above FL140
CAO 20.4.6.3
16
Q
Where an unpressurised aircraft flies for more than 30 minutes above 10,000ft and up to and including FL140, how much supplemental oxygen must be carried for passengers?
A
Enough to supply:
10% of the passengers for 30 minutes
OR
20% of passengers for 15 minutes
CAO 20.4.6.4
17
Q
Where an unpressurised aircraft flies above FL140, how much supplemental oxygen must be carried for passengers?
A
Enough to supply each passenger with oxygen during all periods that the aircraft flies above FL140.
CAO 20.4 6.5
18
Q
For a pressurised aircraft below FL250 but above 10,000ft, how much oxygen must be carried for the flight crew members?
A
At least a 15 minute supply of supplemental oxygen must be carried.
CAO 20.4.7.3
19
Q
A pressurised aircraft operating above FL250 which requires more than 1 pilot requires how much first aid oxygen?
A
Enough to supple 1% of the passengers for the entire planned duration of the flight.
CAO 20.4.9
20
Q
What is the maximum time before take-off that an ambient take-off chart can be completed and still be valid for take-off?
A
15 minutes.
CAO 20.7.0.3
21
Q
You are completing a landing chart using forecast conditions for Melbourne Intl. Flying from Sydney Intl. ETD is 0550Z. When is the earliest you can complete a forecast landing chart for Melbourne?
A
0450Z
You may complete a forecast landing chart within 1 hour prior to departure and it will be valid for landing.
(Within Australian territory only)
CAO 20.7.0.3
22
Q
Can declared conditions be used for take-off charts, landing charts or both?
A
Both.
CAO 20.7.0.3
23
Q
AWIS is not available at Wagga. Can you still complete an ambient take-off chart? If so, how?
A
Wind - Windsock
QNH - Set elevation then read off subscale.
OR
Pressure Height - Set 1013 then read off altimeter.
CAO 20.7.1 Appendix 1 (1)
24
Q
By what factor must we multiply our calculated TODR by? Why?
A
1.15 for aircraft MTOW 3500kg
Interpolate between these numbers for aircraft between 2000kg and 3500kg.
Jacob said Geoff said:
These numbers were designed when take-off and landing charts were provided by CASA so a buffer was created to provide for any innacuracies.
CAO 20.7.4.6.3 states that you only have to comply with what a foreign AFM or manufacturer’s data manual states for an aircraft (1.15 or 1.25 is not required if using a manufacturer chart).
CAO 20.7.4.6
25
In the take-off configuration with landing gear extended, an aircraft must have the ability to climb at what gradient?
6%
CAO 20.7.4.7.1
26
Multi-engine aircraft must have the ability to get to what height in the following configuration?
OEI
Propeller feathered.
Undercarriage and flaps retracted.
Remaining engine at max. continuous power.
Airspeed not less than 1.2 Vs.
5000ft.
CAO 20.7.4.8.2
27
In the landing configuration with all engines at take-off power, what climb gradient is required at what speed?
3.2% at a speed not exceeding 1.3VS.
CAO 20.7.4.9.1
28
By what factor must we multiply our calculated LDR by? Why?
1.15 for aircraft MTOW 4500kg
Interpolate between these numbers for aircraft between 2000kg and 4500kg.
Jacob said Geoff said:
These numbers were designed when take-off and landing charts were provided by CASA so a buffer was created to provide for any innacuracies.
CAO 20.7.4.10.3 states that you only have to comply with what a foreign AFM or manufacturer's data manual states for an aircraft (1.15 or 1.43 is not required if using a manufacturer chart).
CAO 20.7.4.10
29
During fueling operations, the aircraft and ground fueling equipment will be located so that no fuel tank filling points or vent outlets lie within how far of any sealed building?
5m
CAO 20.9.4.1.1
30
During fueling operations, the aircraft and ground fueling equipment will be located so that no fuel tank filling points or vent outlets lie within how far of any exposed public area?
15m
CAO 20.9.4.1.1
31
During fueling operations, the aircraft and ground fueling equipment will be located so that no fuel tank filling points or vent outlets lie within how far of any unsealed building?
9m for aircraft with MTOW 5700kg
CAO 20.9.4.1.1
32
During fueling operations, the aircraft and ground fueling equipment will be located so that no fuel tank filling points or vent outlets lie within how far of any other stationary aircraft?
6m
CAO 20.9.4.1.1
33
What are the conditions on fueling in certain hangars for maintenance purposes?
Refueling or defueling of gasoline or wide-cut gasoline type turbine fuel is not permitted.
Overwing fueling is not permitted.
Hangars must be occupied by one person only.
Operator must have approval from CASA and provide detailed procedures on how these operations shall be performed.
CAO 20.9.4.1.1.1
34
What is deemed a sealed building?
A sealed building is one which all the external part within 15m of an aircraft's fuel tank filling points or vent outlets or ground fueling equipment is of non-flammable materials and has no openings or all openings are closed.
CAO 20.9.4.1.1.2
35
If the fueling equipment is not mobile, how must the aircraft be placed?
So it can be rapidly moved to a place of safety and a means of ensuring that this can be done shall be readily available.
i.e. no brakes and tow stick must be readily available.
CAO 20.9.4.1.2
36
Can avgas be loaded onto an aircraft while passengers are on board, or entering or leaving an aircraft?
No.
CAO 20.9.4.2.1
37
Is there any time when fuel can be loaded on an aircraft with passengers on board? If so, when?
Yes.
An aircraft may be refueled through underwing fueling as long as the aircraft is an aviation grade turbine fuel that contains anti-static additive.
Anyone on board, entering or leaving the aircraft whilst the fuel is being loaded must be told that:
Fuel is to be loaded,
Seat-belts must not be fastened whilst the fuel is loaded.
They must not smoke or used electrical equipment (other than medical equipment which wont affect the safety of any passenger on board) or do anything else that may cause fuel vapors to ignite during the loading.
All persons on board, entering or leaving the aircraft must obey the above instructions.
A cabin crew or flight crew member must be appointed to perform the following tasks while the fuel is loaded:
Ensure the safety of the passengers.
Maintain discipline inside the aircraft.
Supervise any necessary evacuation of the aircraft.
While the fuel is loaded:
"Fasten seat belt" signs must be turned off
"No smoking signs" must be turned on
Emergency lights must be armed.
Whilst fuel is loaded 1 cabin crew member or flight crew member must be on board for every 72 passengers on board or for every passenger zone in the aircraft in which there are passengers - whichever is more.
While fuel is loaded, there must be at least 1 cabin crew or flight crew member on duty by at least 1 exit door of each of the aircraft's passenger zones in which there are passengers.
All cabin crew members or flight crew members who are on duty must:
Be ready for immediate evacuation
Supervise the passengers during the loading
Ensure the aisles and exits are unobstructed.
Areas outside the aircraft which would be used in the case of an evacuation must be clear.
if any engines are running, a flight crew member must be on the flight deck.
Operator's operations manual must set out:
The responsibilities of the members of the operating crew who are on duty in the aircraft while fuel is loaded, and procedures for complying with the procedures in this paragraph.
CAO 20.9.4.2.2
38
When may an aircraft that cannot be underwing refueled allow loading of fuel onto the aircraft while a passenger is on board?
If the passenger's medical condition is such that he or she cannot leave the aircraft without assistance; and
The aircraft's cabin door is open; and
The equipment used for loading or unloading passengers (if any) is in position at the door; and
the requirements of paragraph 4.2.2 are satisfied.
CAO 20.9.4.2.4
39
If fuel vapour is found inside the aircraft or for any other reason it is not safe to continue loading the fuel, what should be done?
The operator must ensure the loading of fuel stops immediately.
CAO 20.9.4.2.5
40
During fueling operations what precautions must be made?
All engines including any APU's must be shut down except where CASA is satisified that the operation of such an engine or APU will not present a hazard and the operation is in the operations manual.
If a GPU is attached, it cannot be detached during the fueling and the GPU must be securely locked to the aircraft.
A person shall not, and the PIC and the operator shall take reasonable steps to ensure that a person does not during fueling operations:
Operate or perform maintenance work on the aircraft's radar equipment except where the fuel is kerosene, operation or maintenance may be carried out provided the radar transmitter is deactivated.
Except where the fuel is kerosene, carry out maintenance on any electrical, electronic or radio systems within the aircraft or operate such equipment other than aircraft's interior lighting or electrical apparatus necessary for the fueling process.
Before a fuel tank cap is removed, the aircraft and all fueling equipment must be bonded and if that bonding is lost, fuel transfer must be stopped immediately and not resume until bonding is restored.
All footwork must be of a non-sparking type and any persons involved int he refueling shall not carry any matches, cigarette lighters or any other objects which could represent an ignition hazard.
Operator or PIC shall ensure sufficient airspace exists to allow for fuel expansion.
At the conclusion of the refueling, the operator or PIC must ensure that all fuel and oil caps are refitted securely.
CAO 20.9.4.4.3
41
In regards to smoking, what regulations apply in an area of refueling?
The area must be clearly placarded as a "No Smoking" area and this area must be a sealed building or at least 15m from the aircraft or ground fueling equipment.
CAO 20.9.4.4.1
42
If using mobile fueling equipment, how must it be placed?
So it can be moved rapidly in the event of a fire.
CAO 20.9.4.4.2
43
What must a PIC ensure doesn't occur within 15m of the aircraft or ground fueling equipment?
Smoking
CAO 20.9.4.4.3 (a)
44
What must a PIC ensure doesn't occur within 15m of the fuel tank filling points or vent outlets and ground fueling equipment?
Using an electrical apparatus
CAO 20.9.4.4.3 (b)
45
How many fire extinguishes are required and where must they be positioned during refueling?
2.
Located between 6m and 15m from the aircraft and the fuelling equipment or carried on the fuelling equipment.
CAO 20.9.4.4.4
46
What conditions apply to the fire extinguishes if they are carried on the fuelling equipment?
They must be fitted with quick release brackets, be readily available from either side of the equipment and be located as far as practicably possible from the fuel tanks and refuelling points.
CAO 20.9.4.4.5
47
What types of fire extinguishes are allowed for refuelling requirements?
Can we use the fire extinguisher contained in the Seminole for this purpose?
60B dry powder fire extinguishes; or
A 80B dry powder fire extinguisher and a 20B foam extinguisher; or
Other fire extinguishers approved by CASA
No.
Note: The use of 2 CO2 extinguishers is permitted as long as each has a minimum capacity of 4.5kg (Seminole extinguisher isn't big enough).
CAO 20.9.4.4.6
48
For a land aircraft, what precaution must be taken in regards to passengers and crew when an engine is started?
Passenger loading equipment must be kept immediately available to allow for rapid evacuation.
CAO 20.9.5.1.1
49
How far from spilled fuel or other flammable material must an aircraft be started at a minimum?
15m
CAO 20.9.5.1.3
50
How far away from another aircraft can an engine be started or operated?
8m
CAO 20.9.5.1.4
51
How far away from an unsealed building can an engine be started or operated?
8m 5700kg
CAO 20.9.5.1.4
52
How far away from a sealed building can an engine be started or operated?
5m
CAO 20.9.5.1.4
53
How far away from an exposed public gathering can an engine be started or operated?
15m
CAO 20.9.5.1.4
54
What distance from the aircraft must the following objects be if an aircraft radar is in its normal mode (antenna rotating)?
Aircraft being refuelled or defuelled;
Fuel tankers, fuel tanks or fuel storage areas;
Persons or cargo;
Any other aircraft or aircraft hangar.
37m
CAO 20.9.6.2.1
55
What distance from the aircraft must the following objects be if an aircraft radar is stationary?
Aircraft being refuelled or defuelled;
Fuel tankers, fuel tanks or fuel storage areas;
Persons or cargo;
Any other aircraft or aircraft hangar.
60m
CAO 20.9.6.2.2
56
If an approved beam attenuating device is used between the antenna and any object specified in paragraph 6.2.1, what reduction in the distance specified in 6.2.1 and 6.2.2 is allowed?
75% reduction
CAO 20.9.6.2.3
57
Can radars be energised within a hangar or any other enclosure? If so, when?
Only if a suitable microwave energy absorbing shield is fitted only the antenna - otherwise no.
CAO 20.9.6.2.4
58
Can radars be operated during refuelling operations?
No.
CAO 20.9.6.2.5
59
Can a turbine aircraft engaged in an aerial work operation undergo hot refuelling? (refuelling with the engine running)
Yes.
Private operation also permitted.
See CAO 20.10.1 for details
60
When life jackets are required, what ratio of life jackets to occupants is required?
1 for every occupant. (1 : 1)
CAO 20.11.5.1
61
When are life jackets required in a single engine aircraft?
When the aircraft is over water and at a distance from land greater than that which would allow the aircraft to reach land with the engine inoperative.
For the purpose of this paragraph, land means "land suitable for an emergency landing".
CAO 20.11.5.1 (a)
62
When are life jackets required in a multi engine aircraft?
When the aircraft is over water and at a distance from land great than 50 miles.
For the purpose of this paragraph, land means "land suitable for an emergency landing".
CAO 20.11.5.1 (b)
63
I'm taking off from YSSY and departing straight out over the water further than gliding distance from land, then making a left hand turn in accordance with a normal navigation procedure. This is done in a single engine aircraft. Is a life jacket required?
No. Under CAO 20.11.5.1.1 Note 2:
Except as specified in paragraph 5.1.2, the provisions of this paragraph need not apply to land aircraft departing from or landing at an aerodrome in accordance with a normal navigation procedure for departing from or landing at that aerodrome.
CAO 20.11.5.1.1 Note 2
64
Taking off from YSSY in a multi engine aircraft engaged in either charter or RPT and departing straight out over the water for 10nm before making a left turn in accordance with a normal navigation procedure. Are life jackets required?
Yes. Under CAO 20.11.5.1.2
Land aircraft that carry passengers and are engaged in either RPT or charter operations shall be equipped with a life jacket or flotation device for each occupant on all flights where the take-off or approach path is so disposed over water that in the event of a mishap occurring during the departure or the arrival it is reasonably possible that the aircraft would be forced to land onto water.
CAO 20.11.5.1.2
65
Where must life jackets be stowed if they are required to be carried?
At or immediately adjacent to each seat.
CAO 20.11.5.1.3
66
Where life jackets are required to be carried under CAO 20.11.5.1.1 (a) (single engine), when must they be worn at all times?
Below 2000ft above water.
CAO 20.11.5.1.7
67
When life rafts are required, how many are required?
Enough so every passenger has a spot on board a life raft.
CAO 20.11.5.2.1
68
How far away from land can an aircraft with 2 or 3 turbine engines be before they need life rafts?
A distance equal to 120 minutes at normal cruising speed or 400nm, whichever is the less.
CAO 20.11.5.2.1.1 (a)
69
How far away from land can an aircraft with 2 piston engines be before they need life rafts?
A distance equal to 30 minutes at normal cruising speed, or 100nm, whichever is the less.
CAO 20.2.1.1 (b)
70
How far away from land can an aircraft with 4 engines be before they need life rafts?
A distance equal to 120 minutes at normal cruising speed or 400nm, whichever is the less.
CAO 20.11.5.2.1.1 (a)
71
When a life raft is required, what other emergency equipment are required?
When only 1 life raft is carried - at least 1 approved ELT or 1 approved portable ELT.
When more than 1 life raft is carried - at least 1 approved ELT and 1 portable ELT or 2 approved portable ELTs.
A supply of pyrotechnic distress signals.
CAO 20.11.6.1
72
When must a single engine aircraft carry an ELT on a flight over water?
If it is not required to carry a life raft and either not equipped with radio communication equipment or not capable of continuous air-ground communication.
CAO 20.11.6.2
73
If a charter or RPT aircraft has a seating capacity of more than 60 seats but less than 100 seats and they have at least 1 passenger on board, how many portable megaphones are required?
1
CAO 20.11.6A.1
74
If a charter or RPT aircraft has a seating capacity of more than 100 seats and they have at least 1 passenger on board, how many portable megaphones are required?
2
CAO 20.11.6A.1
75
When is survival equipment required?
When life rafts are required, during operation through designated remote areas or on other flights directed by CASA.
CAO 20.11.7.1
76
When must emergency exits be illuminated?
When an aircraft is equipped with an emergency lighting system and they're in flight at less than 1000ft AGL or on the ground with passengers on board then either:
The emergency lighting system must be on; or
The normal cabin lighting must be on with the emergency lighting system armed.
CAO 20.11.9.1
77
How often must crew members do a proficiency test on evacuation procedures?
Annually.
CAO 20.11.12.2
78
What are the legal requirements on what passengers must be orally briefed before take off?
Smoking, including the prohibition of smoking in toilets.
The use and adjustment of seat belts.
The location of emergency exits.
The use of oxygen where applicable.
The use of flotation devices where applicable.
Stowage of hand luggage.
The presence on board of special survival equipment where applicable.
CAO 20.11.14.1.1
79
What must a handicapped person and their carer, if any, are briefed on?
Which emergency exit to use and when to move to the exit in case of an evacuation.
CAO 20.11.14.1.2
80
When must a printed card with diagrams of the emergency exits, methods of operating, other instructions necessary for the use of emergency equipment and the brace position for emergency landing or ditching, be provided for passengers?
In an aircraft operating in charter or RPT in an aircraft with a seating capacity of more than 6 (including crew).
CAO 20.11.14.1.3
81
When must a electronic address system be provided for the purpose of making announcements relative emergency procedures? When required, the placement of the system needs to be such that who can immediately operate it?
On an RPT aircraft with passenger seating category of 10 seats or more.
PIC, co-pilot or a trained crew member.
CAO 20.11.14.1.6
82
In addition to the normal oral briefing required, what else is required in the briefing when life jackets and/or life rafts are required on board the aircraft?
The location and use of any individual flotation devices, including the methods of donning and inflating a life jacket and the location of the life rafts. In the case of an aircraft engaged on charter or RPT operations, the briefing must include a demonstration of the method of donning and inflating a life jacket.
CAO 20.11.14.2.1
83
If the aircraft is taking off over water, when must the oral briefing for the life jackets/life rafts take place?
Before take-off.
CAO 20.11.14.2.3
84
If an aircraft is not taking off over water but will be over an area of water which would require the oral briefing, when must that briefing take place?
Before the aircraft reaches the over water part of the flight.
CAO 20.11.14.2.4
85
Where are the three DRA's in Australia?
```
South-West Tasmania
South East Australia (south of Canberra over the ranges)
Central Australia (Bourke - Leigh Creek - Kalgoorlie - Talgarnd - Darwin - Katherine Cairns - Townsville - Mt Isa)
```
CAO 20.11 Appendix III
86
If travelling through the Central Australia DRA, are there any conditions where you aren't technically in the DRA?
In sight of and no more than 5nm at any time from the highway between Mt Isa and Tennant Creek or from Alice Springs to Darwin.
Jeppesen Airway Manual ATC AU-1111
87
When is an operator required to have checklists?
Any aircraft with an MTOW >5700kg
Any RPT aircraft regardless of weight
Any aircraft that CASA may see fit
CAO 20.13
88
When required to have checklists, what must they cover?
```
Procedures:
Before Take-Off
Before Landing
Emergency situations
Any other procedures necessary for the efficient handling of the aircraft.
```
CAO 20.13
89
When are passenger lists required and what must they contain?
Passenger lists are required on any charter or RPT flight in which passengers are carried.
The list must include the aircraft registration, the names of passengers carried, the date and ETD and the places of embarkation and destination.
The passenger list must be left at the aerodrome of departure.
CAO 20.16.1.7
90
What is cargo?
Things other than persons carried in an aircraft.
CAO 20.16.2.2
91
Cargo must be restrained so as to prevent _________
an article moving from under maximum accelerations to be expected in flight and in an emergency alighting such as a ditching.
CAO 20.16.3.1
92
Can cargo obstruct an emergency exit? If so, when and how?
Cargo may obstruct an emergency exit where sufficient other emergency exits are available for the number of occupants.
Whenever an emergency exit is obstructed, the emergency exit sign for that exist shall be covered or otherwise made ineffective.
CAO 20.16.2.4.2
93
Can cargo be placed in an aisle?
Cargo shall not obstruct an aisle in accordance with subsection 7 of section 20.16.3.
CAO 20.16.2.4.3
94
Can I carry cargo on a passenger seat? If so, how much can the cargo weigh?
Yes. 77kg.
CAO 20.16.2.5
95
Can I carry cargo in the pilot compartment? If so, how much can the cargo weigh and are there any restrictions?
Only in aircraft with an MTOW of 5700kg, carriage of cargo in a pilot compartment is prohibited.
Cargo carried on a control seat shall not exceed 77kg. The cargo should only be placed on the seat if the cargo or the means of restraint will not affect the operation of the aircraft, and where the flight controls can be easily removed, the must be removed.
CAO 20.16.2.6
96
What are the definitions of a child and an infant?
Child is 3 or older but younger than 13.
Infant is younger than 3.
CAO 20.16.3.2
97
When must crew members and passengers occupy a seat?
During take-off and landing;
During an instrument approach;
When the aircraft is flying at a height less than 1000ft AGL;
In turbulent conditions
CAO 20.16.3.3.1
98
In what three cases are seats not required for crew members/passengers under CAO 20.16.3.1
Children, infants and stretcher cases carried in accordance with subsections 13 and 14.
Package dispatchers carried in accordance with section 29.5.
Parachutists carried in accordance with subsection 15.
CAO 20.16.3.3.1 i,ii,iii
99
Who may sit in an exit row?
Only those fully able and willing to assist with access to the emergency exits in the event of an emergency.
CAO 20.16.3.3.3
100
When are seat belts required?
At all the same times required by CAO 20.16.3.1
CAO 20.16.3.4
101
When must pilot crew members where seat belts?
At all times in a single-pilot operation.
In a multi-crew aircraft, at least one pilot must wear a seat belt at all times.
CAO 20.16.3.4.2
102
When must an electronic public address system be provided to enable the PIC to notify passengers when seat belts are required to be worn?
If in an aircraft with passenger carrying capacity of 10 seats or more which doesn't require a flight attendant.
CAO 20.16.3.4.3
103
When must seats be in the upright position? Is there any sub clause to this?
During take-off or landing.
A passenger with an illness or incapacity where desirable may leave their seat reclined as long as no one is sitting immediately behind them, and they wont hinder any person in an emergency evacuation.
CAO 20.16.3.4.5
104
When and how many cabin attendants required on an aircraft?
Aircraft engaged in charter or RPT must carry cabin attendants appropriate to their passenger complement as follows:
Carrying more than 15 and no more than 36 passengers - 1 attendant is required unless the aircraft is not carrying more than 22 passengers and at least 3 passengers are infants or children and two pilots a crewing the aircraft.
Carrying more than 36 but no more than 216 - 1 cabin attendant for every 36 passengers.
Carrying more than 216 - No less than prescribed by CASA which shall be no less than 1 cabin attendant for each floor level exit in any cabin with 2 aisles.
Notwithstanding the above regulations, there must be at least 1 cabin attendant in each separate compartment occupied by passengers.
CAO 20.16.3.6.1
105
Hypothetically, if you are carrying 24 parachutists in a single pilot operation, how many flight attendants are required?
None. Parachutists carried on an aircraft engaged in parachuting operations shall not be regarded as passengers for the purpose of determining the number of cabin attendants required.
CAO 20.16.3.6.3
106
When are aisles required on an aircraft? Are there any times when an aisle doesn't need to be required despite the regulation?
On a charter or RPT operation which is required to carry 1 or more cabin attendants.
The aisle must at all times enable the cabin attendants to have unobstructed passage through the compartment from front to rear.
If the aircraft carries less than 15 passengers but still satisfies the requirements of subparagraph 6.1 (a) (cabin attendants) then the aircraft doesn't need an aisle as long as section 20.11 can be complied with.
CAO 20.16.3.7
107
Can a passenger be carried in a control seat? What regulations must be met?
On an aircraft requiring only 1 pilot, a passenger may be carried in a control seat as long as they are given adequate instruction on not interfering with any controls and there is satisfactory communication available at all times between the pilot and that person.
In aircraft engaged in RPT, a control seat can only be occupied by a licenced pilot or an employee of the operator uless approved by CASA.
CAO 20.16.3.11
108
How many excess passengers may be carried on an aircraft with 6 seats?
1 excess passenger.
CAO 20.16.3.12
109
How many excess passengers may be carried on an aircraft with 13 seats?
2 excess passengers.
CAO 20.16.3.12
110
When may 2 children occupy 1 seat?
If their combined weight is no greater than 77kg.
They are seated side by side.
Restrained by a lap strap only.
Seat belt is adjusted to secure both children at all times when a seat belt is required to be worn.
CAO 20.16.3.13.1
111
When may infants be carried in the arms or on the lap of an adult passenger or in a bassinet or an infant seat?
The infant seat or bassinet must be restrained to prevent it from moving under maximum acceleration.
When sitting on the lap of an adult, the lap strap must only go around the adult and not the infant.
On a charter or RPT flight, the infants name must be bracketed on the passenger list next to the name of the passenger nursing the infant.
An infant must not be carried in an exit seat during take-off or landing unless the PIC is satisfied their presence wont obstruct or hinder the escape of another passenger.
CAO 20.16.3.13.2
112
Can a passenger with sickness, injury or disability occupy an exit seat?
The operator and the PIC must ensure that any person who requires assistance due to sickness, injury or disability is not seated where he or she could obstruct or hinder access to any emergency exits.
CAO 20.16.3.14.2
113
What conditions apply to the seating of parachutists?
If parachutists are not provided with a seat of an approved type, they shall be provided with a position where they can be safely seated.
Except when about to jump, a parachutist must occupy a seat or a seating position and wear either a seat belt, safety harness or a parachute connected to an approved single point restraint.
CAO 20.16.3.15
114
What are the instruments required for flight under V.F.R in a private operation?
ASI
Altimeter
Magnetic Compass
Timepeice (may be carried on the pilot)
CAO 20.18 Appendix I
115
What instruments are required for flight under V.F.R in an aerial work operation?
```
ASI
Altimeter
Magnetic Compass
Timepeice (may be carried on the pilot)
Turn and slip indicator
OAT gauge
```
CAO 20.18 Appendix I
116
What are the instruments required for aircraft engaged in RPT or charter with MTOW >5700kg?
ASI - with means of preventing malfunctioning due to ice
2 sensitive pressure altimeters
Magnetic compass
Accurate timepiece
VSI
OAT gauge
2 AH's
Heading Indicator (DG)
Turn and slip indicator (only slip indicator if 3 AH's)
Means of indicating whether the power supply to those instruments requiring power is working satisfactorily.
Turbo-jet >5700kg or turboprop >18000kg - 3rd AH
Turbo-jet - machmeter
Alternate static source - MTOW >5700 must be able to use alternate and normal source simultaneously.
Autopilot may count as an AH.
For V.F.R 3rd AH isn't required.
Turn and slip indicator isn't required.
CAO 20.18 Appendix II
117
In a dropping operation, when must a despatcher be seated and does he have to be in a seat?
A dispatcher shall remain seated and wear a safety belt or harness during take-off, landing and during an instrument approach.
Except during dropping operations, a dispatcher shall remain seated and wear a safety belt or harness during turbulent conditions or during flight of less than 100ft AGL.
During the dropping operation, a dispatcher shall wear approved restraint so he can move to but not through the dropping aperture.
The dispatcher need not be provided with a seat, but a position where he may sit shall be provided and equipped with an approved safety belt or harness.
CAO 29.5.5
118
*Open to interpretation*
If employed by Rex, if you take your family on a 2 hour private flight, do these hours count towards duty and flight time limitations?
Under CAO 48.0.1.3:
The flight and duty time limitations mentioned in section 48.1 of the CAO apply when the person is engaged in aerial work, charter or RPT services. Calculation of flight and duty time limitations made under section 48.1 must take into account any flight and duty time performed by the person in the course of private operations.
My interpretation is that if you are employed in an aerial work, charter or RPT operation, any private flying you do outside of work must be counted as flight and duty time in regards to 48.1.
If you are not employed in one of the above categories. i.e. private pilot, then this regulation doesn't apply as stated in CAO 48.0.1.2
CAO 48.0.1.3
119
Under CAO 48.0, what is deemed as "flight time"?
Total time from the moment when the aircraft first moves under its own power for the purpose of taking off, until the moment it comes to rest at the end of the flight.
CAO 48.0.2
120
Under CAO 48.0, what is deemed as "suitable resting accommodation"?
Accommodation that is conducive to rest with the use of a comfortable chair.
CAO 48.0.2
121
Under CAO 48.0, what is deemed as "suitable sleeping accommodation"?
A comfortable room with the use of a bed and a comfortable chair, subject to minimum noise levels, well ventilated (with air conditioning if available) and with facilities to control light.
CAO 48.0.2
122
What is the maximum period of reserve time?
16 hours
CAO 48.0.3.1
123
When called in to commence duty after a reserve period, what is the maximum tour of duty inclusive of the reserve period and the duty time?
23 hours
e.g. If you are on reserve for 15 hours and get called in, you can only work an 8 hour duty period maximum.
CAO 48.0.3.1
124
How does dead head transportation work in regards to duty time?
If dead head transportation precedes a tour of duty and there is no rest period in between, the period from commencement of the dead head transportation to the conclusion of the tour of duty shall count as duty time.
If a tour of duty not followed by a rest period precedes dead head transportation, the period from the commencement of duty to the conclusion of the dead head transportation shall count as duty time for the purpose of calculating the required rest period.
CAO 48.0.3.2
125
Following a tour of duty, how long must a rest period be?
9 consecutive hours embracing the hours between 10pm and 6am local time; or
10 consecutive hours.
CAO 48.1.1.2
126
If an aircraft is scheduled to arrive at such a time which would see the pilots free from duty by no later than 10pm gets delayed beyond that time, what is the regulation if the aircraft is delayed beyond that time?
The 9 hour rest period may be commenced up to 11pm local time providing the following tour of duty does not exceed 6 hours.
CAO 48.1.1.2.1
127
What is the maximum tour of duty which may be rostered?
11 hours
CAO 48.1.1.3
128
What is the maximum flight time which may be rostered in one tour of duty?
8 hours
CAO 48.1.1.4
129
What is the maximum total time a tour of duty can be if it is extended?
12 hours
CAO 48.1.1.5
130
What is the maximum total time of flight time in a single tour of duty which may be completed if your flight time is extended?
9 hours
CAO 48.1.1.6
131
If a tour of duty is extended, how does this affect the rest period requirements?
An additional hour of rest is required for every 15 minutes the tour of duty is extended for up to the maximum of a 12 hour duty.
Past the 12 hours, 24 hours of rest is required.
CAO 48.1.1.7
132
If flight time is extended, how does this affect the rest period requirements?
An additional hour of rest is required for every 15 minutes the flight time is extended by, up to a maximum of 9 hours of flight time.
Past the 9 hours, 24 hours of rest is required.
CAO 48.1.1.8
133
If the aggregate of two tours of duty exceeds 8 hours flight time or 11 hours duty time and the intervening rest period is less that 12 consecutive hours embracing the hours between 10pm and 6pm local time or 24 consecutive hours, what must happen with the next rest period?
The next rest period must be either 12 hours embracing the hours between 10pm and 6am or a 24 hour break.
CAO 48.1.1.10
134
During a 7 day period, how long must a pilot at minimum be relieved for on one of those days?
For one continuous period embracing the hours between 10pm and 6am on two consecutive nights.
e.g. Friday 10pm - Sunday 6am.
CAO 48.1.1.12
135
What is the maximum flight time in 365 days?
900 hours
CAO 48.1.1.14
136
What is the maximum flight time in 30 days?
100 hours
CAO 48.1.1.15
137
What is the maximum flight time in 7 days?
30 hours
CAO 48.1.1.16
138
What is the special duty limitation which may be applied to a pilot in a charter or aerial work operation who flies an aircraft less that 5700kg?
They may fly in operations other than IFR, for a tour of duty in excess of 11 however not exceeding 15 hours, subject to the following conditions:
There must be a rest period of not less than 4 consecutive hours during which the pilot shall be free of all duties associated with their employment available to the pilot within the tour of duty.
Operator shall not roster a pilot and a pilot shall not fly two consecutive tours of duty each of which is in excess of 11 hours unless a rest period of at least 24 hours is provided at the conclusion of the first tour of duty.
The operator shall not roster a pilot and a pilot shall not fly for more than 2 tours of duty each in excess of 11 hours within 6 consecutive days.
The operator shall not roster a pilot and a pilot shall not fly for more than 6 hours of flight instruction on any tour of duty in excess of 11 hours.
CAO 48.1.1.17
139
Under FRMS: if you are away from home base, how many hours of sleep opportunity are required in the 10 hours prior to FDP?
8 consecutive hours
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
140
Under FRMS: if you are at home base, how many hours of sleep opportunity are required in the 12 hours prior to FDP?
8 consecutive hours
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
141
Under FRMS: between what times can a FDP be undertaken?
0700 and 2200 LMT
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
142
Under FRMS: what is the maximum FDP which can be assigned in a day?
9 hours
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
143
Under FRMS: what is the maximum total flight time which can be undertaken in a day?
7 hours
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
144
Under FRMS: what extensions can be made on the FDP and flight time?
Given that:
FDP has commenced
Unforseen operational circumstances arise
Extension of FDP is necessary to complete the duty
FCM considers themselves fit for the extension
There may be:
1 hour extension for FDP
30 minute extension for flight time
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
145
Under FRMS: How much off-duty time is required in any 24 hour consecutive period?
12 hours
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
146
Under FRMS: How many days off are required in any 7 day consecutive period?
2 days
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
147
Under FRMS: How many flight hours can be accrued during any consecutive 28 day period?
100 hours
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
148
Under FRMS: How many flight hours can be accrued during any consecutive 365 day period?
1000 hours
CAO 48.1 Instrument 2013 Appendix 1
149
What are the responsibilities of a chief pilot? (10 answers)
The chief pilot for an operator is to have control of all flight crew training and operational matters affecting the safety of the flying operations of the operator.
The chief pilot is namely responsible for:
Ensuring the operations are conducted in compliance with CARs, CASRs and CAOs.
Arranging flight crew rosters.
Maintaining a record of licences, ratings and route qualifications held by each flight crew member including validity, recency and type endorsements/licence restrictions.
Maintaining a system to record flight crew duty and flight times in accordance with Part 48.
Ensuring compliance with loading procedures specified for each aircraft including proper compilation of loading documents including cargo and passenger manifests.
Monitoring operational standars, maintaining training records and supervising the training and checking of flight crew.
Conducting proficiency tests in the execution of emergency procedures as required by CAO 20.11.
Training flight crew in the acceptance and handling of Dangerous Goods required by CARs.
Maintaining a complete and up-to-date reference library of operational documents.
Allocating appropriate aircraft.
CAO 82.0.2
150
Can a Chief Pilot delegate any of his duties in exercising his responsibility?
A Chief Pilot, in exercising any responsibility may delegate duties to other members of the operator's staff, but may not delegate training and checking duties without written approval from CASA.
CAO 82.0.3
151
Where can I find the experience requirements of a Chief Pilot?
CAO 82.0 Table A
152
What experience is required for a Chief Pilot operating at AAPA?
1000 hours including 200 hours multi-engine command time.
12 months commercial experience.
CAO 82.0 Table A
153
What requirements if any need to be met before a pilot can be PIC in a multi-engine aircraft in a charter operation under the VFR in a single-pilot operation
100 hours experience PIC on multi-engine aircraft.
In addition to endorsement time, have 5 hours PIC experience on the aircraft type.
CAO 82.1.4
154
Where can I find information about what an AOC holder needs to maintain in terms of facilities and documents?
CAO 82.1 Appendix 1
155
What is the maximum number of passengers a flight crewed by a single pilot can carry?
9 adult passengers; or
11 passengers of whom 2 are infants or children.
CAO 82.3.9
156
What three manuals, if the operator requires them, must the operator lodge a proposed version of when applying for an AOC?
Operations Manual
Training and Checking Manual
Dangerous Goods Manual
(e.g. if you won't be carrying Dangerous Goods, a DG manual isn't required)
CAA 27AB
157
What must CASA be satisfied with before they will issue an operator with an AOC?
CASA must be satisfied that the applicant has complied with, or is capable of complying with, the safety rules; and
CASA is satisfied about the following matters in relation to the applicant's organisation:
The organisation is suitable to ensure the AOC operations can be conducted or carried out safely.
The organisation's chain of command is appropriate to ensure that the AOC operations can be conducted or carried out safely.
The organisation has a sufficient number of suitably qualified and competent employees.
The key personnel in the organisation have appropriate experience in air operations to conduct or to carry out the AOC operation safely.
The facilities of the organisation are sufficient to enable the AOC operations to be conducted or carried out safely.
The organisation has suitable procedures and practices to control the organisation and ensure the AOC operations can be conducted or carried out safely.
If CASA requires certain licences held by flight crew members, the authorisations conferred by the licences are appropriate.
CAA 28
158
What is a Class A aircraft?
Ont that is either an aircraft certified as a transport category aircraft, and/or being used by th holder of the AOC for the commercial purposes mentioned in paragraph 206(1)(c) (RPT)
CAR 2
159
What is a Class B aircraft?
Any aircraft which is not a class A aircraft.
CAR 2
160
What operations would be counted as private category?
Personal transportation of the owner of the aircraft.
Aerial spotting where no remuneration is received by the pilot, owner of the aircraft or organisation on whose behalf the spotting is conducted.
Ag operations on land owned and occupied by the owner of the aircraft.
Aerial photography where no remuneration is received by the pilot, owner of the aircraft or organisation on whose behalf the photography is conducted.
Carriage of persons or goods without charge other than carriage for the purposes of trade. Goods must be the property of the pilot, the owner or the hirer of the aircraft.
Carriage of private passengers in accordance with subregulation 7A.
Carriage of goods otherwise than for the purpose of trade
CAR 2.7D
161
What does the subregulation 7A state about carriage of passengers for it to be private?
Public notice of the flight has not be given in any public advertisement or announcement; and
Number of persons on the flight including operating crew, does not exceed 6; and
No payment is made for the services of the operating crew; and
The persons on the flight including the operating crew, share equally in the costs of the flight; and
No payment is required for a person on the flight other than a payment under the above paragraph.
CAR 2.7D (7A)
162
Who can carry out maintenance on a Class A aircraft?
A LAME (Licensed Aircraft Maintenance Engineer)
or
An airworthiness authority or an aircraft welding authority covering the maintenance.
They must either hold a certificate of approval covering the maintenance, or be employed by or work under an arrangement with a person who holds a certificate of approval covering the maintenance.
CAR 42ZC
163
Who can carry out maintenance on a Class B aircraft, but not a Class A? What can they do?
A person holding a pilot licence valid for that aircraft may undergo any maintenance specified in Schedule 8.
CAR42ZC
164
Can an RPT aircraft with a maximum carrying capacity of more than 30 seats or 3400kg land at an aerodrome which is not licensed?
No, unless:
Aerodrome is a military aerodrome; or
Outside Australia; or
An alternate aerodrome.
CAR 92A
165
What documents need to be carried on an Australian aircraft operating wholly within Australian territory?
Maintenance Release
Licenses and Medicals of operating crew
Flight Manual for the aircraft
Cargo Manifest
CAR 139
166
For a flight operating an Australian aircraft between Sydney to New Zealand what additional documents are required that wouldn't be required if the aircraft was only being operating domestically?
Certificate of Registration
Certificate of Airworthiness
License in force with respect to the radio equipment in the aircraft
Passenger Manifest
CAR 139
167
Can we fly through a prohibited area?
No.
CAR 140
168
Can we fly through a restricted area?
Only if accordance with the conditions specified specific to the restricted area.
CAR 140
169
We fly straight through Kapooka whilst it is active. What actions must now be taken?
Immediately fly the aircraft to a position where it is not over the area.
When the aircraft reaches a position where it is not over the area, report the circumstances to air traffic control.
Land at such aerodrome as is designated by air traffic control and obey any instructions given by ATC as to the movement of the aircraft.
CAR 140
170
Can we carry a firearm on board a flight engaged in a private or aerial work operation?
No.
CAR 143
171
Can we carry a firearm on board a flight engaged in charter or RPT?
Yes.
CAR 143
172
Can a firearm be discharged from an aircraft?
No.
Except with written permission from CASA.
CAR 143
173
In regards to dropping of articles, what can be legally be dropped?
Dropping of packages or other articles or substances in the course of:
Agricultural operations
Cloud seeding operations
Firefighting operations
To initiate controlled burning
Search and rescue operations
delivering emergency medical or food supplies
In the dropping of ballast in the form of fine sand or water.
The use of apparatus solely for the purpose of navigating an aircraft where the approval of CASA to the type of apparatus and the method of use has previously been notified.
In an emergency, the jettisoning of liquid fuel or cargo over areas where hazard to persons or property is not created.
CAR 150
174
What regulations apply to acrobatic manoeuvres?
Must be in VMC by day.
Certificate of Airworthiness and Flight Manual must specify the particular type of acrobatic manoeuvre.
Must not be over a populous area or public gathering with CASA approval.
Loose articles must be removed or secured. Doors must be fastened. Seat belts must be on. Dual controls must be removed unless the dual control seat is vacant.
CAR 155
175
What regulations apply to flight over public gatherings? Are there any times where the restrictions do not apply?
A pilot must not fly an aircraft over a public gathering without written permission of CASA.
This shall not apply to an aircraft passing over a public gathering in the course of:
Arriving at or departing from an aerodrome in the course of its normal navigation.
Passing from place to place in the ordinary course of navigation.
CAR 156
176
What is the minimum height you can you fly over a populated area?
1000ft
CAR 157
177
What is the minimum height you can fly over an unpopulated area?
500ft
CAR 157
178
Where is the height measured from in relation to the aircraft when it comes to low flying?
Highest terrain within a 600m radius from the aircraft.
CAR 157
179
When are you allowed to fly below the specified low flying heights?
Through stress of weather or other unavoidable cause.
Engaged in private or aerial work operating requiring low flying with a permit from CASA.
Receiving low level flying training.
Engaged in a baulked approach procedure or the practice of such procedure with a flight instructor or check pilot.
In the course of actually taking-off or landing at an aerodrome.
Engaged in a search or rescue operation including dropping supplies for such an operation.
Dropping articles in accordance with directions issued from CASA
CAR 157
180
What is considered an overtaking aircraft?
An aircraft that approaches another aircraft from the rear on a line forming an angle of less than 70 degres with the plane symmetry of the latter. At night it would be unable to see either of the forward navigation lights of the other aircraft.
CAR 160
181
If you are required to give way to another aircraft, what should a pilot AVOID doing to give way?
Passing over, under or crossing ahead of it - unless well clear.
CAR 161
182
If you are approaching another aircraft and they are required to give way what is your responsibility as the pilot NOT giving way?
Maintain heading and speed HOWEVER, nothing relieves the PIC of responsibility of taking such action as will best avert collision if required.
CAR 161
183
If two aircraft are approaching head on, what must they do?
Each aircraft must alter their heading to the right.
CAR 162
184
If two aircraft are approaching at the same height, who gives way to who? Are there any exceptions?
The aircraft that has the other on the right shall give way except that:
Power-driven heavier than air aircraft shall give way to airships, gliders and balloons.
Airships shall give way to gliders and balloons.
Gliders shall give way to balloons.
Power-driven aircraft will give way to aircraft that are seen to be towing other aircraft or objects.
CAR 162
185
An aircraft overtaking another aircraft shall do so how?
By passing it to the right.
CAR 162
186
Does an aircraft on the ground have to give way to landing aircraft on final?
Yes.
CAR 162
187
Two aircraft at different heights are approaching an aerodrome for the purpose of landing , who gives way to who? Are there any restrictions on this?
The higher aircraft shall give way to the aircraft that is at a lesser height.
This regulation cannot be taken advantage of by using it to cut in front of another aircraft on final to land.
CAR 162
188
What is deemed as "in the vicinity of" a non-controlled aerodrome?
Within:
Airspace other than controlled airspace; and
10 miles from the aerodrome; and
At a height which could result in conflict with operations at the aerodrome.
CAR 166
189
After take-off, until what height must you maintain the same track? What is a sub-regulation which would allow you to not follow this?
500ft.
If a change of track is necessary to avoid terrain.
CAR 166A
190
What is standard circuit direction?
Left-hand circuits.
CAR 166A
191
When may an aircraft take-off or land downwind at a non-controlled aerodrome? (Tailwind)
If the aircraft's flight manual allows the aircraft to take-off or land downwind.
After considering any other traffic, the pilot believes its safe to do so.
CAR 166A
192
What regulations apply to carrying out a straight-in approach?
Before starting the approach, the pilot must determine the wind direction and the runways in use at the aerodrome.
The pilot must give way to other aircraft flying in the circuit pattern.
The pilot must carry out all manoeuvring to establish the aircraft on final approach by at least 3 miles from the threshold of the runway the pilot intends to use for landing.
Note: the 3 mile rule doesn't apply if flying an instrument approach or in IMC.
CAR 166B
193
When must an aircraft make a radio call at a non-controlled aerodrome?
Whenever reasonably necessary to do so to avoid a collision, or the risk of a collision, with another aircraft.
CAR 166C
194
When may a pilot NOT fly at a height lower than 2000ft AGL under the VFR?
If the pilot cannot navigate by reference to ground or water and CASA has not directed that the flight may be conducted at a height of 2000ft or less.
CAR 172
195
If above 5000ft, do you have to follow the cruising levels appropriate to magnetic track?
Yes. It is a requirement.
CAR 173
196
If below 5000ft, do you have to follow the cruising levels appropriate to magnetic track?
If it is possible to so, then it is a requirement to do so.
When a VFR flight is conducted at a height less that 5000ft AMSL, the PIC must, subject to any contrary air traffic control instructions, ensure that the cruising level of the aircraft is, whenever practicable, appropriate to its magnetic track.
CAR 173
197
What is the minimum altitude AGL that may be flown under night VFR?
1000ft above the highest obstacle located within 10 miles of the aircraft unless taking off or landing.
CAR 174B
198
In what operations can you fly at night under VFR?
Private
Aerial Work
Charter not involving passengers
or Charter involving passengers only if the operator is approved in writing by CASA to conduct the operations and the operations are conducted in a turbine powered aeroplane approved in writing by CASA for those operations.
CAR 174B
199
What is the Morse code for MAYDAY?
... --- ...
CAR 192
200
What is the Morse code for PAN-PAN
- .. -- .. -- .. -
CAR 193
201
What can be considered commercial operations in regards to flying?
```
Aerial Work:
Aerial surveying
Aerial spotting
Agricultural operations
Aerial photography
Advertising
Ambulance functions
Carriage, for the purposes of trade, of goods being the property of the pilot, the owner or the hirer of the aircraft (not being a carriage of goods in accordance with fixed schedules to and from fixed terminals.
Any other purpose similar to those above.
```
Charter:
Carriage of passengers or cargo for hire or reward to or from any place, other than carriage in accordance with fixed schedules to and from fixed terminals.
The carriage, in accordance with fixed schedules to and from fixed terminals, of passengers or cargo or passengers and cargo in circumstances in which the accommodation in the aircraft is not available for use by persons generally.
RPT:
The purpose of transporting persons generally, or transporting cargo for persons generally, for hire or reward in accordance with fixed schedules to and form fixed terminals over specific routes with or without intermediate stopping places between terminals.
CAR 206
202
How many PIC's may be designated per flight?
1
CAR 224
203
What is a PIC responsible for?
The start, continuation, diversion and end of a flight by the aircraft.
The operation and safety of the aircraft during flight time.
The safety of persons and cargo carried on the aircraft.
The conduct and safety of members of the crew on the aircraft.
The PIC shall have final authority as to the disposition of the aircraft while he or she is in command and for the maintenance of discipline by all persons on board.
CAR 224
