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CPT Study Guide Flashcards

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1
Q

define inferior

A

away from the head; lower

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2
Q

define proximal

A

toward the center of the body or nearest the center form a point of reference

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3
Q

define distal

A

away from the center of the body or point of reference

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4
Q

define medial

A

toward the midline of the body

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5
Q

define lateral

A

away from the midline of the body; to the side

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6
Q

define contralateral

A

body part located on the opposite side of the body (right hand/left foot)

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7
Q

define ipsilateral

A

body part located on the dame side of the body (right hand/right foot)

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8
Q

define the sagittal plane

A

divides the body into the right & left sides. Flexion & extension exercises are primarily involved in this plane, also dorsiflexion & plantar flexion.
squats, bicep curls, walking & running are sagittal plane mvmts

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9
Q

define frontal plane

A

divides body into anterior & posterior (front/back) portions. vertical & lateral mvmts occur in this plane: abduction & adduction, lateral flexion at spine & inversion of the foot.
jumping, side lunges, lateral raises & windmills are frontal plane movements

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10
Q

define transverse plane

A

dividies body into superior & inferior (top/bottom) portions. horizontal & rotational mvmts take place in this plane: internal & external rotation, pronation & supination, horizontal abduction & adduction.
Trunk rotation & swinging a bat or horizontal abduction & adduction are movements in this plane

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11
Q

define longitudinal axis

A

straight line that cuts thru body form top to bottom. rotation around longitudinal axis takes place in transverse plane.
spinal rotation with twisting trunk is example of movement around longitudinal axis

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12
Q

How is the plane defined?

A

the plane in which the exercise occurs is in relation to the body NOT the position of the body.
jumping jacks & snow angels are both frontal plane movements

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13
Q

define flexion.

A

movement involving a decrease in joint angle (bending mvmt towards, closer)
bicep curl involves elbow flexion.
in a squat, the ankle, knee & hip joints are in flexion

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14
Q

define extension.

A

movement involving an increase in joint angle (straightening movement, extended, further, away)
lowering of bicep curl is extension of elbow joint

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15
Q

define adduction

A

movement toward the midline of the body

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16
Q

define abduction

A

movement away from the midline of the body

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17
Q

define plantar flexion

A

mvmt at ankle joint that points the foot downward (like a ballerina)

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18
Q

define dorsiflexion

A

movement at the ankle joint that points the foot up towards the leg (flexed feet)

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19
Q

define inversion

A

movement of foot which causes the sole of the foot to face inwards (rolling ankle severe example)

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20
Q

define eversion

A

movement of the foot which causes sole of foot to face outwards

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21
Q

define supination of foot

A

combo of plantar flexion (pointed foot), inversion (rolling ankle) and adduction (mvmt towards midline)

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22
Q

define pronation of foot

A

combo of dorsiflexion(flexed feet), eversion (sole faces outwards, rolls inward), abduction (movement away from midline of body)

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23
Q

define open chain movements

A

when a distal segment (hand/foot) moves in space

bicep curl, tricep extension, leg extension, leg curl)

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24
Q

define closed chain movement

A

occur when distal segment (hand/foot) are fixed in place

push up, pull up, squat, deadlift, lunge

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25
What are the 5 major types of bones?
1. long bones 2. short bones 3. flat bones 4. irregular bones 5. sesamoid bones
26
What are the 3 sections of the vertebrae column?
1. cervical (head & neck, 7 vertebrae) 2. thoracic (mid-back & 12 vertebrae) 3. lumbar (low back, 5 vertebrae)
27
What are the 3 types of joints?
1. fibrous 2. cartilaginous 3. synovial
28
What do tendons connect?
muscles to bones
29
what do ligaments connect?
bone to bone
30
What is the difference between Type 1 & Type 2 muscle fibers?
1 are slow-twitch muscle fibers, smaller, produce less force, slow to fatigue, higher aerobic capacity, muscles that act primarily as stabilizers generally contain greater concentrations of type 1 vs. 2 are fast-twitch, larger, white, produce more force, quick to fatigue, higher anaerobic capacity, muscles primarily responsible for joint movment contain greater concentration of Type 2.
31
what is meant by muscle extensibility?
ability to be stretched or lengthened
32
what is meant by muscle elasticity?
ability to return to normal or resting length after being stretched
33
what is meant by muscle irritability?
ability to respond to a stimulus
34
Define isometric muscle action
Occurs when contractile force of muscle is equal to resistive force, joints do not move. Plank, wall sit
35
Define concentric muscle action
shortening portion of muscle where joint movement occurs occurs when contractile force of muscle is greater than resistive force, moves in opposite direction of force or resistance. Bicep contracts to flex elbow joint
36
Define eccentric muscle action
occurs when a muscle develops tension while LENGTHENING, occurs when contractile force of muscle is less than resistive force, moves in the same direction as the resistance. Lowering portion of pull up or squat
37
define isotonic
same tone throughout a movement
38
define isokinetic
same speed throughout a movement
39
define stabilizer
muscles that minimize unwanted movement while the agonist & synergists work to provide movement at joint. core muscles during all movement
40
define synergist
muscles that assist prime mover during movement | hamstrings to gluts during hip extension
41
define hypertrophy
increase in the size of muscle fibers
42
define hyperplasia
increase in the # of muscle fibers
43
define atrophy
decrease in muscle fibers
44
What are the muscles in the shoulder/chest (anterior)?
(5) pectoralis major & minor, anterior deltoid, medial deltoid, serratus anterior
45
What are the muscles in should/back (posterior)?
(7) Upper, middle & lower trapezius, rhomboid major and minor, posterior deltoid, teres major
46
What are the muscles in the arm?
( 4) biceps brachii, triceps brachii, brachioradialis, brachialis
47
What are the muscles in the back?
(4) superficial erector spinae (iliocostalis, longissimus, spinalis), quadratus lumborum, multifidus, latissimus dorsi
48
What are the muscles in the core?
(5) rectus abdominis, internal and external oblique, transverse abdominis, diaphragm
49
What are the muscles in the hip?
(13) adductor longus, adductor magnus (anterior & posterior fibers), adductor brevis, gracilis, pectineus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, gluteus, maximus, piriformis, tensor fascia latae(TFL), iliacus, psoas, sartorius
50
What are the muscles in the hip flexor complex?
(6) iliacus, psoas, sartorius, rectus femoris, pectineus, tensor fascia latae(TFL)
51
What are the muscles in the Quads?
(4) vastus lateralis, vastus intermedius, vastus medialis, rectus femoris
52
What are the muscles in the hamstring complex?
(3) Bicep femoris (long a short heads), semi-membranosus, semitendinosus
53
What are the muscles in the lower leg (anterior/front)?
anterior tibalis, peroneus longus
54
What are the muscles in the lower leg (posterior/calf)?
posterior tibialis, soleus, gastrocnemius
55
What is the SA node?
Sinoatrial node, the pacemaker of the heart, where electrical impulse that causes the heart to beat originates
56
What is the AVE node?
Atrioventricular node, responsible for delaying electrical impulses between atria & ventricles, allows atriums to fill w/ blood
57
What is the formula for Max Heart Rate?
22- age
58
What is the formula for heart rate reserve?
Max HR - Resting HR
59
What is the formula for Target heart rate?
HRR x % Intensity + Resting HR
60
Where is radial artery?
on thumb side of wrist, just below palm
61
What is the formula for cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stroke volume
62
Define SBP
systolic blood pressure, pressure exerted on arteries during contract phase of heart (when it beats) increases linearly w/ exercise intensity
63
Define DBP
diastolic blood pressure, pressure exerted on arteries during relaxation phase of the heart (in between beats) may decrease slightly or remain unchanged w/ exercise intensity
64
What is proper breathing technique during resistance training?
inhale during eccentric portion of lift (during lowering portion of bench press, squat or pull up) Exhale during concentric portion of life as we contract muscles to move resistance *active exhale activates muscles of core to provide stability
65
What 6 steps for client-centered exercise programming?
1) establish rapport & identify goals 2) administer exercise preparticipation health screening 3) identify barriers & collaborate on next steps (ABC approach) 4) determine if physiological or movement assessments are necessary 5) determine in which phase of IFT model to begin 6) prioritize program design & select exercise order
66
What are the 3 cardio intensity zones?
Zone 1 - low to moderate, reflects intensity below VT1 Zone 2 - moderate to vigorous, reflects intensity above VT1 to just below VT2 Zone 3 - vigorous to very vigorous, reflects intensity at or above VT2
67
What is recommended resistance training for Load/speed training individuals?
2-3 days/week for each muscle group w/ a rest of >= 48 hours between sessions for each muscle group.
68
What are recommended sets/reps/rest/intensity for General Muscle Fitness?
Sets: 1-4 per exercise Reps: 8-15 per set Rest: 2-3 min between sets Intensity: 20-70% of 1-RM
69
What are recommended sets/reps/rest/intensity for Endurance muscle fitness?
Sets: 2-3 per exercise Reps: >=12 per set Rest: <=30 sec between sets Intensity: <=67% of 1RM
70
What are recommended sets/reps/rest/intensity for Strength muscle fitness?
sets: 2-6 per exercise reps: <= 6 per set rest: 2-5 min between sets Intensity: >=85% of 1RM
71
What are recommended sets/reps/rest/intensity for power muscle fitness?
sets: 3-5 per exercise reps: 1-2 per set for single effort events/ 3-5 per set for multiple effort events rest: 2-5 min between sets intensity: 80-90% of 1RM for single effort / 75-85% of 1-RM for multiple-effort
72
What should you use to improve muscle tone?
Light weights & high repetitions
73
What should you use to increase muscle mass?
Heavy weights & low repetitions
74
What happens when you stop resistance training?
the muscle turns to fat
75
What is first appropriate variable to alter in exercise training?
Duration, then frequency & intensity
76
What is the time scale for recovery intervals?
30s -> 50% 60s -> 75% 2m -> 95% 3-5 min -> 100%
77
What are the 4 energy pathways?
1) ATP (stored in muscles) 0-4 sec (strength & power) 2) ATP + PCr (phosphagen) 0-10 sec (sustained power) - immediate quick energy 3) ATP + PCRr + Lactic Acid (Glycolytic) 0-90 sec (anaerobic power endurance) 4) Aerobic oxidation 90 sec to 3+ min (aerobic endurance)
78
What are 3 phases of plyometric training?
a) eccentric muscle contraction (loading of muscle, stretch of agonist) b) amortization (pause) c) concentric muscle contraction (release of stored energy, shortening of agonist)
79
Define active stretching
involves adding add'l forces to increase intensity of the stretch
80
define passive stretching
when the person stretching is now actively involved, a partner or apparatus does the stretching
81
How many calories are in a pound of fat?
3500kcal
82
Define stress fracture.
occurs when repetitive stress placed on a bone that is not strong enough to w/stand the forces. single point of tenderness & worsen w/ weight bearing activity. should be referred to physician
83
define muscle strain.
injury where muscle works beyond its capacity, resulting in tears in the fibers. Grade 1 - mild, Grade 2 - moderate, Grade 3 - severe (tear/pop sound)
84
define sprain.
of the LIGAMENTS. usually caused by external forces of contact. Grade 1 - minimal, Grade 2 - moderate, Grade 3- severe (may require surgery)
85
What is desired body weight formula?
lean body weight / (100%- desired body fat %)
86
What is fat weight formula?
body weight x body fat %
87
What is lean body weight formula?
body weight - fat weight
88
What is proper positioning during bend-and-lift assessment?
Tibia & Torso should be parallel to each other
89
What are you checking during single-leg step-up assessment?
imbalance between legs
90
What are you checking during the push assessment?
scapular winging, collapsing of core
91
What are you checking during pull assessment?
common compensations include shoulders elevating or rounding forward in protraction(kyphosis), head moving forward, lumbar spine hyperextending (rounding) lordosis
92
What are you checking during rotation assessment?
degree of trunk rotation
93
What is recommended fluid intake post-exercise?
16-24 oz for every lb of weight lost
94
What is recommended warm up period before exercise?
5-10 minutes
95
What is checklist for proper spotting techniques?
1 - know # of reps 2 - have good base of support & you are strong enough 3 - stop clients if break form or have improper technique 4 - keep hands on or close to weight being lifted, unless client in danger of dropping or losing control 5 - provide enough assistance for client to be successful 6 - spot at client's forearms near wrists when using dumbbells; doesn't prevent elbows from flexing and caving inward

CPT (9 decks)

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