- Exercise - Healthy Weight - Managing Stress - Low consumption of alcohol - Not smoking

CQ2 DP2 Flashcards by L P

High Levels of Preventable chronic disease, injury and mental health problems points

Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)

Cancer (Skin, Breast, Lung)

Diabetes

Respiratory Disease

Injury

Mental health problems and illness

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CVD - Nature of Problem

Diseases of the heart / blood vessels
- Coronary Heart disease (Heart attacks, angina)
- Cerebrovascular disease (stroke)
- Peripheral Vascular Disease

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CVD - Extent / Trends

AUS’s biggest killer = 24% of deaths in 2022

Fall in mortality since 60s
- Age standardised CVD death rate declined by 78% (1980 - 2022)

Prevalence
- 1/6 in AUS reportedly have CVD

More common with age

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Coronary Heart Disease

Most common form of CVD in AUS

Largest single cause of death (9.2%)

75% of deaths are 75 or older

Male death rate 2x higher

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Stroke

Artery supplying blood to brain is blocked or begins to bleed

Can result in part of brain dying, leading to sudden impairment

3rd most common cause of death in 2023

71% of stroke victims were 65 <

Stroke mortality declining

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CVD - Risk Factors

Unmodifiable
- Family History
- Gender (higher in males)
- Age
- Ethnicity

Modifiable
- Smoking
- Diets high in saturated fats
- Alcohol
- High BP (greatest risk factor)
- Low PA
- Overweight

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CVD - Protective

Exercise
Healthy Weight
Managing Stress
Low consumption of alcohol
Not smoking

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CVD - Sociocultural

Attitudes have changed to smoking
- Not as acceptable as it once was
- Tough anti smoking legislation
- Attitudes to exercise and diet campaign
- Asians less likely to have CVD

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CVD - Socioeconomic

Education and wealth

Low SES = Higher risk

Smoking and obesity are higher in High SES

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CVD - Environmental

Higher rates in rural due to limited health serivces

Avaliability for exercise

Fast food outlets

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CVD Groups at risk

Smokers

Obese

High BP

ATSI

Low SES

Rural

Elderly

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Cancer

Large range of diseases in which some of the body’s cells become defective, multiply

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Cancer - Nature of the problems

Carcinoma - Cancer of the skin
Sarcoma - Cancer of bone, cartilage, muscles
Leukaemia - Cancer of the blood forming organs such as bones
Lymphoma - Cancer of infection fighting organs (glands / Spleen)

Skin, breat and lung cancer are grouped under Carcinoma

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Cancer - Extent of problem (trends)

Incidence
- Increasing

Common diagnosed cancer (Males)
- Prostate Cancer
- Melanoma
- Colorectal Cancer
- Lung Cancer

Females
- Breast cancer

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Mortality - Extent of Problems

Major causes of death = 30% of deaths

Consistent with AUS growing and aging population = Age standardised rate decreased by 25%

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Cancer - Risk Factors and Protective Factors

As is the case for CVD, cancer risk factors can be divided into 2 categories
- Modifiable / Non Modifiable

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Skin Cancer Risk Factors

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Exposure to ultraviolet rays
Fair skin
Fair or red hair and blue eyes, combined with high sun exposure areas
Prolonged exposure
Moles

Protective Factors - Skin Cancer

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Sunscreen

Protective Clothing

Hat

Less exposure

Skin Cancer - Sociocultural Determinants

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Peers being shirtless in the sun

Surfer Family

Sun tanning in media

Muslim woman is covered

Skin Cancer - Socioeconomic Determinants

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Occupational (construction, lifeguard)

Education (aware / educated in dangers of skin cancer)

SES
- Housing (pool in backyard)
- Lower Income = Can’t afford sunscreen / clothes

Skin Cancer - Environment Determinants

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Rural Areas = Exposure to sun, physical labour, less access to med

Skin Cancer Groups At Risk

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People in Southern Hemisphere

Fair skin, red hair, blue eyes

Outdoor occupations

Excessive time outside without sun protection

Breast Cancer - Risk factors

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Gender
Family history
High fat diet
Late menopause
Early onset of menstruation
Obesity
First pregnancy after 40

Breast Cancer Protective Cancer

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Regular Checkups (early detection)
Low Fat Diet
Exercise
Have a baby before 40

Breast Cancer - Socioeconomic

Socioeconomic - Educated / Awareness on breast cancer - Priority of job over child bearing (more at risk later) - Level of income (nutrition, access to health - Priority of putting food on table vs baby

Breast Cancer - Sociocultural

- Family History - Family Eating Habits - Community / Media Influence

Breast Cancer - Environmental

Remoteness from medical facilities Access to parks for exercise Locations of Fast food

Breast Cancer - Groups at Risk

Women who have never given birth Obese Woman Women over 50 Late menopause / early menstruation Who don't self examine With a relative with breast cancer

Lung Cancer - Risk Factors

Smoking (20x more likely) Exposure to carcinogenic agents (absestos / lead) Air Pollution

Lung Cancer - Protective Factors

Not Smoking Not Living in Air Polluted Areas Protective gear in hazardous environment (masks, etc)

Lung Cancer - Environmental

Living in a polluted area Access to medical facilities (treatment) Living in different areas (Rural sandstorm vs a foresty area) Ability to access cigerattes

Lung Cancer - Sociocultural

Peers / Family can influence you if they smoke People in media (e.g movies) smoking Cultural / Religious views of smoking

Lung Cancer - Socioeconomic

Not being educated / aware about dangers of smoking Working a job with carcinogenic agents Money required to buy cigs / for treatment

Lung Cancer - Groups at Risk

Smokers People exposed to occupational / environmental hazards People working in blue collar occupations Men and women over 50 SES disadvantaged

Diabetes

Chronic condition marked by high levels of glucose in blood On the risk in AUS Older (80+) are 30x likely to have diabetes ATSI = 3x more likely

Diabetes (Type 2) - Nature of the Problem

If left poorly controlled = Can lead to CHD, PVD, Stroke, etc Risks are greatly increased by poor lifestyle choices Becoming factor for children / young peoples

Diabetes - Extent of The Problem

Incidence of type 1 = Remained stable Steady decline in age standardised rate = dropping by 43% in 20 years Prevalence is increasing Major cause of morbidity / mortality

Type 2 Diabetes - Risk Factors

Over 45 and overweight Over 45 and High BP Family History ATSI History

Type 2 Diabetes - Sociocultural

Family / Peers may influence eating habits Media making trends Diets and Culture (e.g fasting)

Type 2 Diabetes - Socioeconomic

Not enough income = Have to buy fast food If they are not educated / aware Working at fast food or having a job that requires to resort to eating unhealthy food = More at risk

Type 2 Diabetes - Environments

Access to fast food options Medical facilities Exercise Facilities

Type 2 Diabetes - Groups at Risk

Over 65 Family History Overweight People who frequently consume alcohol ATSI people

CQ2 DP2 Flashcards

(42 cards)