cramming! Flashcards
(122 cards)
1
Q
pasteurisation temp
A
71.7 c 15-25sec
2
Q
ONLY infection control method to kill microbes AND spores
A
sterilisation
3
Q
3 microbes that cause disease
A
viruses
bacteria
fungi
4
Q
describe gram positive bacteria
A
thicker cell wall made of peptidoglycan
stains purple
5
Q
describe gram negative bacteria
A
thinner wall
stains pink
additional outer lipid-rich membrane
6
Q
how do bacteria reproduce
A
binary fission
or spore formation in unfavourable conditions
7
Q
3 bacteria that DO require living tissue to survive are
A
chlamydiae
rickettsiae
mycoplasmas
8
Q
chlamydiae, rickettsiae and mycoplasmas are known as
A
INTRACELLULAR bacteria - meaning inside
9
Q
what type of microbe are viruses
A
Obligate intracellular parasites
10
Q
are viruses cells
A
NO
strand of DNA or RNA in a capsid
11
Q
how do viruses reproduce
A
inject rna/dna strand into living host cell,
use host cells apparatus for reproduction
12
Q
3 DNA virus ex
A
smallpox
herpes
chicken pox
13
Q
3 RNA virus ex
A
measles munps hiv rhinoviruses coronaviruses
14
Q
why can’t antimicrobial agents be targeted towards virus enzymes to destroy them?
A
No metabolism of own so no enzymes of own
15
Q
why viruses difficult to identify/destroy
A
not many structures of their own - just capsid and strand
hide in host cells
16
Q
how do viruses mutate
A
change their surface antigens - avoid host immune response
17
Q
describe virallysis
A
virus bursts host cells membrane to exit - destroying it
18
Q
describe viral budding
A
exits cell and gets an envelope of its own from hosts own membrane - in disguise
19
Q
what is latent stage of virus
A
present but hidden and inactive
20
Q
fungla infection known as
A
mycosis
21
Q
what is yeast structure
A
simgle celled fungus
22
Q
what is mould structure
A
multi cellular
23
Q
what are dermatophytes
A
3 types fungus cause skin disease - i.e. ringworm/tinea
24
Q
ex yeast
A
candida albicans
25
ex mould
aspergillus/penicillium,
26
tips of long filaments of fungi known as
hyphae
27
mesh or network of fungi known as
mycelium
28
fungi reproduction sexual/asexual
both
29
asexual fungi reproduction -
budding
30
sexual fungi reproduction
spores
31
4 forms protozoa reproduction
binary fission (multiple too)
budding
sexual - unfavourable
cysts - harsh conditions
32
ex of protozoa
plasmodium - malaria parasite
33
organism which harbours the disease with no overt symptoms, usually human
carrier
34
infected person or animal
host
35
degree of pathogenicity of a specific microbe
virulence
36
5 ways an infection is transmitted
```
droplet
direct contact
indirect contact
vectors
nosocomial - hospital/care facility
```
37
5 ways infection may be aquired
```
ingestion
direct to blood stream
sexual intercourse
inhalation
touch
```
38
time interval between initial exposure and appearance of first symptoms
incubation period
39
initial period of development of disease before specific acute symptoms occur
prodromal period
40
period with sudden, rapid onset, fast becomes severe
acute period
41
infection with insidious or slow onset of indefinite or long duration
chronic infection
42
7 notifiable diseases that are viruses
```
acute infectious hepatitis
acute poliomyelitis
HIV
measles
meningitis
mumps
rubella
(acute encephalitis)
```
43
7 bacteria - notifiable diseases
```
diptheria
meningitis
meningococcal septicaemia
scarlet fever
tetanus
tubercullosis
whooping cough
```
44
cause cellulitis/erysipelas
Bacterial
| Staph/strep
45
cause impetigo
bacterial
| staph/strep
46
cause oral/genital thrush
fungal - candida albicans
47
cause oral/genital herpes
virus - herpes simplex 1&2
48
GOLDEN YELLOW CRUSTS
pustules, round & oozing patches
often hands/face
Impetigo
49
Painful vesicles that ulcerate/scab around mouth/nose
oral herpes
50
genital sores/ulcer
genital herpes
51
very RED, inflamed skin
| fever
cellulitis/erysipelas
52
localised inflammation of mucous membrane with a white creamy coating
oral thrush
53
THICK CLUMPY DISCHARGE
itching/inflammation of vulva etc
dysuria
genital thrush
54
necrosis of tissue complication for
cellulitis/erysipelas
55
GREY MEMBRANE (necrosis) across tonsils/pharynx
fever
sore throat
Diptheria
56
Coughing attacks
starts like a cold
then persistent cough - 50% with whooping sound at at end
Whooping cough
57
```
NIGHT SWEATS
WEIGHT LOSS
anorexia
raised WBCs
high ESR
Pulmonary: cough
```
Tuberculosis
58
EXANTHEMA - VESICULAR ERUPTION whole body
| fever
chicken pox
59
Vesicular rash ALONG NERVES
severe pain
paraesthesia
shingles
60
cause diptheria
bacteria
61
cause whooping cough
bacteria
62
cause tubercolosis
bacteria
63
cause chicken pox/shingles
varicella zoster virus
64
exotoxins damage heart muscle/paralyse breathing muscles complication of
diptheria
65
necrotic membrane may block airways complication of
diptheria
66
pheumonia complication of
whooping cough
67
neuralgia complication of
shingles
68
KOPLIK SPOTS - mucosal rash
MACULOPAPULAR RASH - BLANCHES
cold symptoms
Measles
69
STRAWBERRY TONGUE
SCARLET RASH - blanches
sore throat
high fever
Scarlet Fever
70
Swollen PAROTID GLAND
| head/joint pain
Mumps
71
rash - SMALLER THAN MEASLES
swollen lymph nodes
fever
Rubella
72
Abnormal Foetal development
miscarriage
Foetal death complication of
Rubella
73
Otitis media
pneumonia
encephalitis complication of
measles
74
rheumatic fever
| lung infection complication of
scarlet fever
75
megingitis
testicular inflammation/sterility
complication of
mumps
76
measles cause
virus
77
rubella cause
virus
78
scarlet fever cause
bacteria
79
mumps cause
virus
80
F: often asymptomatic
MUCOPURULENT DISCHARGE
erythema/inflammation
pus from bartholins glands
M:WHITISH_CLOUDY DISCHARGE from penis
Epididymitis
Chlamydia
81
```
F: FROTHY YELLOW/GREEN SMELLY DISCHARGE
STRAWBERRY CERVIX/VAGINA
low birth weight
M:Asymptomatic
slight discharge
pain on ejaculating
```
trichomoniasis
82
```
F; vaginal discharge, dysuria
lower abdominal pain
PAIN DURING INTERCOURSE
M; YELLOW PENILE DISCHARGE
Dysuria
```
Gonnorrhoea
83
chlamydia cause
B
84
trichomoniasis cause
Protozoa
85
Gonorrhoea cause
bacterial
86
syphilis cause
bacteria
87
genital warts cause
V
| human papilloma virus (HPV)
88
cailflower lik masses
| flat lesions on genitals
genital warts
89
stage 1- CHANCRE on GENITALS/MOUTH - HEALS AFTER $ WKS
becomes asymptomatic but V Infectious!
stage 2 - FLAT, ERYTHMATOUS, NON-PURITIC RASH - V CONTAGIOUS!
Hair loss
malaise
lumps on genitals
Syphilis
90
pelvic inflame disease/infertility complication for
chlamydia/gonorrhoea
91
GUMMAS - soft tumour-like balls of inflammation
affects brain/heart
death - 1-10 yrs post infection
complicatiomn for
syphilis (stage 3)
92
which is most common and most acute infectious disease of liver
hepatitis
93
cause hepatitis
virus
94
cirrhosis/liver cancer complications for
hepatitis
95
pre-icteric stage - feeling unwell
icteric stage - jaundice, pale stools, dark urine, pruritic skin, enlarged liver, impaired blood clotting
post icteric stage - recovery
hepatitis
96
90% asymptomatic
initially fever, fatigue, headache, vomiting, stiffness in neck, pain in limbs.
0.5-1% enter CNS - paralysis
post syndrome strikes many years after
poliomyelitis
| post polio syndrome
97
cause polio
poliovirus
98
what type of virus is HIV
Retro virus - RNA virus
99
What are the special enzymes used by HIV and what do they do
REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE
| converts RNA to DNA inside host cell
100
AIDS stands for
Aquired immune deficiency sydrome
101
what happens in AIDS
later stage of HIV when immune system is baaaad and life threatening opportunistic infections occur
102
AIDS transmissable
no - develops from HIV
103
how are you infected with HIV
MUST ENTER BLOOD STREAM - BLOOD & SEMEN primarily
104
2-6 weeks after infection
| flu/glandular fever symptoms, sore throat, fever, malaise, muscle pain, rash, swollen lymph nodes
Primary HIV
105
drastically lowered no of T helper cells
severely impaired immune function
opportunistic infections cause disease
late stage HIV/AIDS
106
```
Netropenia, thrombocytopenia
fatigue
aneamia
anorexia, diarrhoea, cachexia
neurological disease no other cause
peripheral neuropathy
dementia
cognitive/motor dysfuntion
```
HIV
107
Acute infection of INTESTINES causing very severe DIARRHOEA & Fever
mucous, blood, pus in stools/vomit
fever
stomach pain
Dysentery
108
cause dystentary
bacterial, viral or parasitic
109
Malaria cause
plasmodium - protozoa
| vector - female mosquito
110
CYCLICAL FEVER
chills, fever, extreme seating, shivering, fever, malaise, nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, aneamia
often relapsing
Malaria
111
bacteria pili function
communication
| reproduction
112
bacteria cytoplasm function
matrix that holds organelles
113
bacteria cell wall function
support, shape
| reduces dessication
114
bacteria capsule function
protection - dessication
115
cell wall?
| bacteria, fungi, viruses, protozoa, mycoplasma
bacteria & fungi yes
| viruses, protozoa, mycoplasma no
116
which microbes are obligate intracellular parasites
viruses
| 3 lots bacteria
117
RNA or DNA? bacteria, fungi, viruses, ptotozoa, mycoplasma
viruses 1 or other
| bacteria, fingi, protozoa, myciplasma - both
118
Pro/eukaryotic uni/multi cellular
Pro - always uni
| EU - often multi
119
Pro/eukaryotic nucleus?
Pro - none
| EU - nucleus
120
Pro/eukaryotic membrane bound organelles?
Pro - only ribosomes
| EU - yes
121
Pro/eukaryotic reproduction
Pro - always asexual
| EU - asexual/sexual
122
Pro/eukaryotic cell wall
Pro - yes
| EU - only plants/fungi
