Introduction

Question 0

Diseases may be caused by:

Answer 0

Micro-organisms - viruses, bacteria, fungi

Multi-cellular organisms

Question 1

4 ways a human pathogen can be transmitted

Answer 1

Airborne transmission
Contaminated water
Contact/faeces
Bloodstream/tissues

Question 2

Micro-organisms also known as

Answer 2

Microbes

Question 3

Two types microbes

Answer 3

Non-pathogenic

Pathogenic

Question 4

Define commensal microbes

Answer 4

Symbiotic relationship with human body

One benefits, other unaffected

Question 5

Describe mutualistic microbes

Answer 5

Symbiotic relationship with human body
Both benefit
Eg - E. coli makes vit K for us

Question 6

Define parasitic microbes

Answer 6

Symbiotic relationship with human body

Microbe benefits at human expense

Question 7

Define opportunistic microbes

Answer 7

Symbiotic relationship with human body
Initially commensal/mutualistic, becomes parasitic
Eg Candida

Question 8

Who was the ‘father of microbiology’ and when

Answer 8

Anton Bon Leeuwenhoek
1670s
Invented microscope

Question 9

Who proved the ‘germ theory of disease’ that microorganisms are in air but not created by it

Answer 9

Louis Pasteur 1860s

Question 10

Who was described as the saviour of mothers due to the reduction of childbed fevers and deaths

Answer 10

Dr Ignaz Philipp Semmelweis 1847

Postulated disinfecting hands with chlorine and lime in hospitals

Question 11

Who discovers antibiotics by accident and received a Nobel Prize in1945

Answer 11

Alexander Fleming 1900s

Question 12

What type of organisms are bacteria

Answer 12

Prokaryotic, unicellular

DO NOT require living tissue to survive

Question 13

Do bacteria vary in size, shape and cell wall structure?

Answer 13

Yes

Question 14

Two types of bacteria (cell wall)

Answer 14

Gram positive

Gram negative

Question 15

Bacteria reproduce via

Answer 15

Binary fission

Question 16

What is the reproductive structure adopted by bacteria, many fungi and some protozoans - adapted for dispersion and surviving in unfavourable conditions.

Answer 16

Spore formation

Question 17

When are exotoxins produced

Answer 17

Released/actively secreted by living microbe

Question 18

What do exotoxins stimulate

Answer 18

Antibody or antitoxin production

Question 19

Ex of exotoxin

Answer 19

Botulinum exotoxin (botulism)

Question 20

When are endotoxins released

Answer 20

After organism death

Question 21

Ex of endotoxin

Answer 21

Salmonella

Question 22

Endotoxins cause:

Answer 22

Often fever/malaise

Increased vascular permeability/ loss of vascular fluid - toxic shock

Question 23

Which is usually more harmful endo or exo toxins

Answer 23

Exotoxins - v toxic!

Question 24

Some bacteria contain/produce enzymes to help them invade a host. Known as

Answer 24

Invasive enzymes

Question 25

Example of bacteria with invasive enzymes

Answer 25

Haemolytic streptococci produce active haemolysins which breakdown red blood cells

Question 26

There are a few bacteria types which DO require living tissue to survive these are known as

Answer 26

Intracellular

Question 27

3 examples of intracellular bacteria

Answer 27

Chlamydiae Rickettsiae Mycoplasmas

Question 28

What is chlamydiae

Answer 28

An obligate intracellular parasite (bacteria) mainly sexually transmitted

Question 29

What is rickettsiae

Answer 29

Diverse collection of obligate intracellular bacteria found in ticks, lice, fleas, mites, chiggers and mammals Transmitted by insects eg Typhus Fever

Question 30

What are mycoplasmas

Answer 30

A genus of bacteria lacking a cell wall making them difficult to treat. They are parasitic or saprotrophic

Question 31

Define saprotrophic

Answer 31

Live on decomposing organic material

Question 32

What can mycoplasma bacteria cause

Answer 32

Pneumonia

Question 33

What are human micro flora also known as

Answer 33

Human microbiome

Question 34

Define human microflora

Answer 34

Naturally occurring micro organisms ( mostly bacteria) inhabiting the healthy human body

Question 35

Human microflora present in

Answer 35

``` Nasal cavity Skin Mouth Intestines Vagina Perineum ```

Question 36

Human microflora absent in

Answer 36

blood, CSF, lungs, stomach, uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovary, bladder, kidneys

Question 37

When would human microflora be found in the areas in which it is usually absent

Answer 37

With infection | Disease state

Question 38

Some flora cannot inhabit or survive on the human body, present for short periods only. Known as

Answer 38

Transient flora

Question 39

What are viruses

Answer 39

Obligate intracellular parasites

Question 40

What do viruses need for survival and replication

Answer 40

A LIVING host

Question 41

Are viruses cells

Answer 41

No! | A strand of RNA or DNA in a hard protein coat - capsid.

Question 42

Hard protein coat of viruses known as

Answer 42

Capsid

Question 43

Some viruses have type of coat called

Answer 43

Envelope coat

Question 44

Viruses reproduce by

Answer 44

injecting RNA/DNA strand into living host cell | Using host cells apparatus for reproduction

Question 45

DNA virus examples

Answer 45

Smallpox Herpes Chickenpox

Question 46

RNA virus examples

Answer 46

Measles, mumps, HIV, Rhinoviruses, Coronavirus

Question 47

4 reasons why viruses are more difficult for body to identify and destroy, also to treat with drugs

Answer 47

They HIDE in host cells No METABOLISM - anti microbial agents won't work against enzymes Not many STRUCTURES of their own Able to MUTATE - change surface antigens, avoid host immune response.

Question 48

3 forms of viral replication

Answer 48

Viral lysis Viral budding Latent stage

Question 49

Define viral lysis

Answer 49

Virus exits host cell by destroying it - bursting membrane

Question 50

Define viral budding

Answer 50

Virus exits cell and acquires an envelope (outer membrane) of its own from hosts plasma membrane

Question 51

Define latent stage (viruses)

Answer 51

Disease present but hidden and inactive

Question 52

Example of virus that can remain hidden for years

Answer 52

Herpes simplex

Question 53

What type of organisms are fungi

Answer 53

Eukaryotic

Question 54

What type of cells are fungi

Answer 54

Single cells or chains of cells

Question 55

Do fungi have a cell wall

Answer 55

Yes

Question 56

Where are fungi found

Answer 56

Everywhere

Question 57

Fungal infection also known as

Answer 57

My sis

Question 58

3 forms of fungi mycosis usually results from

Answer 58

Yeasts Moulds Dermatophytes

Question 59

Describe yeast | 2 examples

Answer 59

Single celled fungus Candida albicans Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Question 60

Define mould and give functions

Answer 60

Multi-cellular fungi Cause disease/food spoilage Or Biodegraduation in production of foods, antibiotics, enzymes

Question 61

Dermatrophytes is Greek for

Answer 61

Skin plants

Question 62

What are dermatrophytes

Answer 62

A group of 3 types fungus causing skin disease in humans/animals By obtaining nutrients from keratinised material

Question 63

Mycosis can become systemic in patients with

Answer 63

Immunodeficiency HIV AIDS diabetes

Question 64

Fungi growth promoted by

Answer 64

Warmth | Moisture

Question 65

Two types fungi filaments

Answer 65

Hyphae - long filaments | Mycelium mesh of intertwined filaments

Question 66

2 methods of fungi reproduction

Answer 66

Asexual - budding | Sexual - spores

Question 67

What type of organisms are Protozoa

Answer 67

Eukaryotic

Question 68

What type off cell structure are Protozoa

Answer 68

Single cells

Question 69

Do Protozoa have cell walls

Answer 69

No only lipid- protein membrane

Question 70

Protozoa are found in

Answer 70

Most soils, fresh water and oceans

Question 71

In what numbers are Protozoa found

Answer 71

Most are solitary individuals | Colonial forms exist

Question 72

Are Protozoa parasitic

Answer 72

Some are

Question 73

4 ways Protozoa can reproduce

Answer 73

Binary/ multiple fission Budding Sexual Can form cysts and survive hard conditions

Question 74

2 examples Protozoa

Answer 74

Giardia | Malaria parasites

Question 75

What are helminths

Answer 75

Parasitic worms

Question 76

What type of organism helminths

Answer 76

Eukaryotic

Question 77

What type of cell structure helminths

Answer 77

Multi celled

Question 78

Are helminths a microbe

Answer 78

Not normally, can be small or v large

Question 79

Life cycle of helminths

Answer 79

Egg Larva Adults

Question 80

Helminths live in

Answer 80

Intestine Blood Tissue