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From Flashcardlet > CRIM 103 Chapters 1-4 > Flashcards

CRIM 103 Chapters 1-4 Flashcards

0
Q

what is a protective factor?

A

helps improve a part of life by decreasing the likelihood of a negative outcome by increasing the likelihood of a negative outcome by increasing the likelihood of a positive outcome

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1
Q

what is a risk factor?

A

is a variable that, if present, increases the likelihood of a negative outcome

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2
Q

define what a static risk factor is

A

a normal risk factor that cannot be changed or can be distal and its intensity can decrease over time
ex) sexual abuse

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3
Q

how many risk factors have studies shown males need compared to females before they themselves become a risk factor?

A

males: only need 2
females: could take up to 5-6 risk factors

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4
Q

define what a theory is

A

it is a interrelated set of hypotheses about a phenomenon, specify constructs and it purposes how these constructs relate to a phenomenon

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5
Q

what is a control theory perspective

A

believe that people are born deviant and that things must develop over time

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6
Q

what is a learning theories prespective

A

the idea that we learn from our environment amongst many other things

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7
Q

what is the developmental theories perspective?

A

believe that risk factors are age related and within individual change

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8
Q

what are some examples of social risk factors?

A
  • poverty:leading to poor nutrition and lack of money for a good education
  • peer rejection or antisocial peers
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9
Q

what are the 4 types of parenting styles Diana Baumring identified?

A
  1. authoritarian: trying to shape/ control child’s behaviour according to some pre-established standards
  2. permissive: no control with very few rules
  3. authoritative: to be rational about situations and apply restrictions as needed
  4. neglecting: detached and unengaged in child’s life
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10
Q

define the enmeshed style of parenting

A

when parents see an unusually larger number of minor behaviours as problematic and they use ineffective, authoritarian strategies to deal with them

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11
Q

define the lax style of parenting

A

parents aren’t attuned to what is a problematic or antisocial behaviour and therefore these parents allow a lot to slip by

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12
Q

what age is parental monitoring crucial?

A

age 9 to middle adolescence

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13
Q

what does Rowe and Gulley suggest about the relationship between siblings and delinquency?

A
  • suggested that older siblings that engage in delinquent behaviour reinforces antisocial behaviour in younger siblings when their is a close relationship between the two
  • the smaller the age gap= higher the risk
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14
Q

define the attachment theory and who believe in this

A
  • John Bowlby
  • is defined as the early relationship between an infant and a caregiver largely determining the quality of social relationships later in life
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15
Q

define affective empathy

A

is an emotional response characterized by feelings of concern and wanting to access their distress

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16
Q

define cognitive empathy

A

ability to understand a person from their point of view

-psychopaths are believed to understand the emotions of others but are unable to feel these emotions themselves

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17
Q

what percentage of the US prison population qualify as being intellectually or cognitively disabled

A

4%

  • this is different from those in the prison who suffer from mental illnesses
  • this is based on cognitive impairments that cannot be reversed
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18
Q

list facts about ADHD

A
  • attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
  • its 3 central behaviours are inattention, impulsivity, and excessive motor activity
  • estimated that 1/4 of all children with ADHD engage in serious antisocial behaviour
  • approximately 8% of the population has ADHD
  • way of treating ADHD is by using drugs that stimulate the brain
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19
Q

facts about CD

A
  • conduct disorder
  • roughly 2-8% of the population actively seeks to do negative things
  • represents a cluster of behaviours such as stealing, fire setting, running away, property damage, lying, fight, ect..
  • central features include a persistent and repetitive pattern of behaviour
  • can be identified as early as age 3
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20
Q

define Mala in se versus

A
  • guilty in itself

ex) homicide

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21
Q

define Mala Prohibita

A
  • guilty socially

ex) carrying a gun or carrying marijuanna

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22
Q

define what antisocial behaviour is

A
  • violation of social norms

- age range is usually between12-17

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23
Q

how do we measure crime in Canada?

A

through official reports as they are reliable and easy to record number of arrests and charges or convictions

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24
Q

define what the dark figure of crime is

A

is all the crime that isn’t reported or observed or all the warnings that are issued to adolescents

  • many crimes are going unnoticed
  • also within UCR data if you commit multiple crimes they only account for the most serious crime
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25
Q

are crime rates on a rise or decline for Canada

A

in total we are on a decline but in reality our crimes are just being swapped such as homicide rates go down but assault rates increase due to improvements in medical care

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26
Q

if you had a city of 10,000 and it has 100 crimes how wold we express the crime rate?

A
  • crime rates are reported as the number of crimes that occur per 100,000 people
  • therefore you would x both side by 10 to = 100,000 people to 1000 crimes
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27
Q

if a city of 10,000 has 10 crimes, how many 10,000 are criminals?

A

Can’t answer this as people can commit multiple crimes

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28
Q

what percentage of offenders account for 50% of all crime?

A

5-6%

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29
Q

what is a victimization survey?

A

addresses the dark figure of crime or victimless crimes such as drug trafficking or weapons possession that is not reported

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30
Q

how much of custodial sentences by adults are less than 1 month?

A

1/2

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31
Q

what percentage of custodial sentences are 2 or more years?

A
  • federal sentence

- 4.2%

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32
Q

what percentage of youth get put into custody? why is this important to know?

A

3%

-this is important as it demonstrates that people put into custody are generally always serious offenders

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33
Q

what is the consensus theory?

A

explain why individuals commit crime

  • belief that individuals naturally conform
  • belief that humans are generally good and that crime is created
    ex) Strain theory
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34
Q

explain sociological explanations:

A
  • thought to be at micro-level theories
  • is the importance of socialization and the influence of community, family, and peer groups
  • narrower focus on behavioural patterns and the influence of psychological factors such as thoughts, feelings, or attitudes
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35
Q

what are the two key concepts in developmental theories

A
  • pathways

- trajectory

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36
Q

in reference to developmental theories what is the definition of pathways

A

: are stepping stones to more serious behaviours

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37
Q

in reference to developmental theories define trajectory

A

:long term pattern of behaviour where turning points can alter the course of trajectory

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38
Q

what was Moffitt’s Dual Trajectory Model?

A

-she was completely wrong in how many groups of offenders existed but she was right with the idea that their isnt just one type of offender

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39
Q

define adolescent- limited

A

offending through social learning

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40
Q

define life-course presistent

A

-afflicted by neuropsychological deficits and negative family background

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41
Q

what is one example of a developmental pathway?

A
  1. diagnosed as ADHD
  2. then diagnosed as ODD
  3. then Cd
  4. substance abuse
  5. psychopathy and antisocial behaviour
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42
Q

who was Paul Frick?

A

he conducted an experiment where she showed children pictures and then measured how their brain changes internally when exposed to empathy eliciting photos

43
Q

what is a biopsychologist

A

people who try to determine which genetic and neuropsychological variables play a part in criminal behaviour, how important they are, and what can be done to modify them

44
Q

define behaviour genetics

A

focuses on examining he role genes play in the formulation and development of hum and other animal behaviour
-this is especially powerful for disentangling genetic from environmental influences in twin and adoptive studies

45
Q

define molecular genetics

A

field of biology that studies the structure and function of genes on the molecular level

  • studies how genes are passed through generations
  • generally concentrates on the long polymers of DNA
46
Q

what is the traditional view of behaviour genetics?

A
  • influences add to genetic effects
  • environmental influences shared by siblings
  • influences that arise from unshared environment between siblings
47
Q

what is concordance?

A

it is the genetics term for the degree to which related pairs of subject both show a particular behaviour or condition
-key concept in twin research

48
Q

what was the Twins’ Early Developmental Study (TEDS)?

A
  • one of the most watched twin studies in the longitudinal research that was conducted in the UK
  • the test explores the problems as well as problematic development in language, cognition, and academic abilities from early childhood through adolescence
49
Q

what is the Twin study of child and adolescent development (TCHAD)

A
  • used data from the Swedish twin registry
  • asked a group of 8 and 9 year olds 8 years after their first experiments of a behavioural scale that measured parental reported aggression to how 8 years later they are asked to report their own delinquent behaviours
  • from this study the concluded that genetic factors played an important role in the early onset of aggressive behaviour in children but appeared to play less of a role in the development of delinquent behaviour as reported by the male adolescents
50
Q

who carried out one of the first twin studies in Denmark and what were his interests?

A
  • Schulsinger
  • he explored the incidence of psychopathy in the biological relatives of adopted adults
  • he compared 57 adopted adults who he determined as psychopath to a control group of 57 non psychopath adopted adults
  • people he considered as psychopath were impulse ridden and who exhibited acting-out behaviour
  • he discovered that 3.9% of the biological relatives of psychopathic adoptees cold aslo be classified as psychopath
  • 1.4% of the controls groups biological relatives could as well
51
Q

what is MAOA?

A
  • monoamine oxidase
  • aka the “warrior gene
  • is a gene that appears to play an instrumental role in preventing antisocial behaviour in humans
  • low activity of the MAOA has been commonly linked to aggression and violence
  • is an enzyme responsible for breaking down neurotransmitters such as norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
52
Q

define psychophysiology

A

is the study of dynamic interactions between behaviour and the autonomic nervous system

53
Q

what is the amgydala

A

is a brain structure

  • regulates fear and other emotional responses
  • believe that it is crucially related to psyhopathy and to the callous-unemotional traits that are often associated with persons who engage in chronic antisocial activity
54
Q

who were Thomas and Chess and what were their beliefs regarding temperament

A
  • contend that temperament is an innate readiness to respond to events and objects across a variety of situations and it is continually evolving
  • based on experiment researchers were able to classifychild temperament into 3 stlye: 1. easy child 2.difficult child 3.the slow-to-warm-up child

-they also believed it was important to consider parent temperament and the interactions with their children

55
Q

when is the stimulation of the brain most important?

A

4-5 years old

56
Q

define an executive function

A

refers to the higher levels of cognitive processes that organize and plan behaviour
-acting without thinking is also believed to be closely associated with deficits in executive function

57
Q

what is Dual Systems Model of Adolescent Risk?

A
  • Steinbergs theory
  • states that impulsive risk taking and self control develop along different time tables and have differenneurological influences during adolescence and into young adulthood
58
Q

Who is Charles Lombroso?

A
  • emphasis on phrenology
  • studied offender populations to identify activists
  • racist/sexist undertones in his work deterred criminologists from exploring psychological and biological explanations of offending
  • thought to be the father of psychology
59
Q

who was Sheldon and what were his interests in body types?

A
  • he had an idea that there was a body type that fitted with offenders
  • the three body types were:
    1. ectomorph: skinny and withdrawn
    2. endomorph: obtuse and outgoing
    3. mesomorph: muscular and aggressive- m=”typical” offender
60
Q

define epigenetics

A

before birth and during birth natal deficits

61
Q

Monozygotic twins?

A
  • are expected to be more similar the dizygotic twins
  • identical and share 100% of genes
  • share placenta
62
Q

Dizygotic twins?

A
  • no more alike than non-twin siblings

- share and average of 99.5% of genes

63
Q

what is the neurotransmitter serotonin related to

A
  • behavioural inhibition
  • mood regulations
  • malfunction of serotonin is linked to aggression
64
Q

what is the neurotransmitter dopamine related to?

A
  • feelings of pleasure

- both high and low levels have been linked to agression

65
Q

what is the neurotransmitter norepinephrine related to

A
  • reaction to short-term stress

- high levels of norepinephrine are correlated with aggression

66
Q

what is neuroimaging?

A

examines structural and function characteristic of the brain

-concludes that no single brain structure is ultimately necessary for antisocial behaviour to occur

67
Q

define neuropsychology

A

studies the brain function indirectly and a battery of paper/pencil/ and or motto test designed to diagnose what part of the brain is malfunctioning

68
Q

define a stimulus

A

is a person, object, or event that elicits behaviour

69
Q

define positive reinforcment

A

we gain something we desire as a consequence of a certain behaviour

70
Q

define negative reinforcement

A

we avoid an unpleasant event or stimulus as a consequence of a certain behaviour
-NOT punishment or extinction

71
Q

punishment definition

A

organism receives painful stimuli as consequence of certain behavior

72
Q

what is the social learning theory?

A

suggests that to understand criminal behaviour we must examine perceptions, thoughts, expectancies, competencies and values

73
Q

what is the expectancy theory?

A

argues that a persons performance level is based on that persons expectation that behaving in a particular way will lead to a given outcome

74
Q

what are some of Bandura’s points of view?

A
  • belief that the more significant and respected the models, the greater their impact on our behaviour
  • believes that once a person decides to use a newly acquired behaviour, whether they preform or maintain it will depend on the situation and the expectancies for potential gain
75
Q

what was Ronald Aker’s theory and what did he propose?

A
  • differential association- reinforcement theory (DAR)
  • proposed a social learning theory of deviance that tries to integrate the core ingredients of Skinnerian Behaviourism, the social learning as outlined by Bandura and the differential association theory of criminologist Edwin Sutherland
  • DAR states that people learn to commit deviant acts through interpersonal interaction with their social environments
  • 2 classes of discriminative stimuli operate in promoting deviant behaviour:positive discriminative and justifying discriminative stimuli
76
Q

what did Edwin Sutherland believe?

A
  • believed in the differential association theory
  • that criminal or deviant behaviour is learnt the same way that all behaviour is
  • believed a person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions of favourable to violations of the law over definitions unfavourable to violations of the law
  • did not want to consider internal mental things as a possibility for behaviours
77
Q

define justifying discriminative stimuli

A

neutralizes the warnings communicated by society at large that certain behaviours are inappropriate or unlawful

78
Q

what is the fundamental attribution error? and who discussed it

A

refers to a common human tendency to discount the influence of the situation and explain behaviour by referring to the personality of the actor instead
-Haney discussed this

79
Q

define id

A

seeks immediate pleasure

80
Q

define ego

A

reality-orientated thinking

81
Q

define the superego

A

our conscience, and our internalizing of societies standards

-problems with the development of superego lead to crime

82
Q

what was Hirchi’s and Gottfredsons theories on crime?

A
  • one concept explains all crime : low self control
  • low self control develops around 8-10 years and if parents fail to supervise this in their child they will become delinquent
  • BUT if they don’t display low self control by age 10 the it was thought they wouldn’t ever commit a crime
  • this is a control theory as certain things have to happen in order for people to not commit a crime
83
Q

What did Sampson and Laub want?

A
  • believed individuals can change and that we develop forms of social norms within different years
  • attention to age-graded turning points
  • sociogenetic perspective- feedback from environment
84
Q

define classical condition

A
  • learn through direct rewards and punishments

- assumes environment operates on humans

85
Q

Operant conditioning

A
  • learn consequences of behaviour

- can act upon the environment have the ability to change their free will

86
Q

what is the token economy system?

A

used in Canada’s prison system to reward positive behaviour

87
Q

what can be said about adults who have psychopathy?

A

they tend t not respond to punishment but will respond to rewards of them not doing crime again

88
Q

define behaviourism and who was a strong representation of this theory

A
  • is psychology of action
  • John Watson believed you can’t learn anything from examining mental processes
  • should only study which can be directly observed
  • humans do not have free will
  • everything is determined by the environment
89
Q

who is B.F. Skinner?

A
  • disagree with Watson
  • he believed that thoughts did exist but cannot be seen\
  • wanted psychology to be a ‘hard science’
  • believed behaviour directly caused by environment
  • better to try and extinguish an event than punish one
90
Q

define extinction

A

is the decline and eventual disappearance of a conditioned or learned response when it is no longer reinforced

ex) Pavlovian conditioning
- view individuals as passive to environment

91
Q

what are 3 behaviours that can predict if behaviour will continue?

A
  1. immediacy- time between behaviour and response
  2. consistency-is the reinforcement of punishment consistent
  3. intensity-strength of response
92
Q

define differential association

A

we learn by watching others

93
Q

define differential reinforcement

A

we learn by how individuals respond to our behaviour

94
Q

who is C. Ray Jeffery?

A
  • proposed simply that whether someone commits a crime depends on whether the individual has been reinforced for similar behaviour in the past
  • believed a criminal act occurs in an environment in which in the past the actor has been reinforced for behaving in this matter and the consequences attached to the behaviour have been such a nature that they do not control or prevent response
  • believed that individuals will continue behaviour even if punished if they recieve reinforcement from peers for actions
95
Q

define retribution

A
  • aka ‘crime control’
  • viewed as tough on crime
  • harm those who have harmed
  • emphasis on punishing criminals to protect society and deter the punished criminal and other potential offenders
  • believe people are unlikely to change unless compelled to
96
Q

define specific deterrence

A

response that in order to prevent that individual from wanting to repeat their behaviour

97
Q

define general deterrance

A

punish individuals with the hope that the public will not commit a similar crime due to fear of the punishment

98
Q

define incapacitation

A

removal of an offender from the community for the protection of the society

99
Q

what is the reason for abolishing life sentences

A

it was for correctional staff as offenders saw situations and had nothing to lose

100
Q

define rehabilitation

A
  • aka ‘welfar model’
  • viewed as soft on crime
  • emphasis on treatment and identifying symptoms and responding appropriately
  • initial rehabilitation models focused on anxiety and depression
  • born from the psychological perspective
101
Q

what are some examples of things that do not work in preventing crime?

A
  • research on deterrence generally demonstrates the ineffectiveness of specific and general deterrence across different offences
  • bootcamps
  • scared straight programs- (shown to have the opposite effect)
102
Q

What are some examples of techniques that work in preventing crime?

A
  • cognitive-behavioural therapy
  • firm but fair practitioner therapy style
  • restorative justice (sometimes) as needs a willing offender
  • risk, needs, responsively (RNR) model
103
Q

what was Andrews and Bonta’s big 4?

A

-history of antisocial behaviour,
antisocial personality,
antisocial cognitions,
antisocial associates

104
Q

what was Andrews and Bonta’s central 8?

A

-big four plus substance abuse, family/maretal , school/work, leisure/ recreation

^ reason that can lead to criminal activity

105
Q

what is the difference between consensus and control theories?

A

consensus - views humans as creatures of conformity who want to o the right thing
ex) strain theory

control- human beins are undisciplined creatures who, wihtout rules, wold floout society’s conventions and commit crime indiscriminately ex) Hirchi’s Scoial Bond Theory

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