Criminology

Question 1

Positive reinforcement

Answer 1

This involves reciving something good for a good action, which ‘reinforces’ or encourages the behaviour to be repeated

Question 2

Negative reinforcement

Answer 2

This involves the removal of a burden or something bad when a certain behaviour is reproduced, which again reonforces that behaviour to be repeated.

Question 3

Positive punishment

Answer 3

This involves directly applying and unpleasent stimulus like a shock (shouting at someone) after a responce

Question 4

Negative punishment

Answer 4

This involves removing a potiential rewarding stimulus for instance, deducting someone’s pocket money to punish undesirable behaviour.

Question 5

Observational learning

(Social learning theory)

Answer 5

To be able to model the new behavior, you need to be able to reproduce

Question 6

Role model

(Social learning theory)

Answer 6

People that we look up to or are similar to us

Question 7

Reproduction

(Social learning theory)

Answer 7

Behaviour is learned by observing other and then imitating (copying) their behaviour

Question 7

Attention

(Social learning theory)

Answer 7

In order to learn something new, you need to pay attention to it

Question 8

Vicarious reinforcement (motivation)

(Social learning theory)

Answer 8

You are more likely to model a behaviour, if you are motivated to reproduce
You may also see the model get a reward for that behaviour so you copy that behavior in order to receive the same reward

Question 9

Identification

(Social learning theory)

Answer 9

This is where youadopt the behaviour, belief and values of the role model or group.

Question 10

Retention

Answer 10

For learning to take place, you must be able to store or retain the new behaviour in your memory

Question 11

Strength of operant conditioning theory

Answer 11

The theort can be used to explain a wide range of crimes
It explains theft social approvalcan be a strong reinforcer in peer groups that encourages deviant behaviours
Contributed to the development of behaviours

Question 12

Weakness of operant conditioning theory

Answer 12

The theory neglects other factors that may cause criminal behaviours such as personality factors or genetics
It is difficult to show that a crime behaviour was aqquired through operant conditioning as we have been to study the person from birth therefor it is impossible to identify the specific cause or consequence. It is more complicated

There could be different explanations and reductionist