Croatia - Immunology Flashcards
(38 cards)
What cytokine(s) do CD4+ Th1 lymphocytes produce?
- IFN-gamma
- IL-2
- TNF-alpha
What cytokine(s) do CD4+ Th17 lymphocytes produce?
- IL-17 (A&F)
- IL-21
- IL-22
What cytokine(s) do CD4+ Th2 lymphocytes produce?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13
What cytokine(s) do CD4+ regulatory T cells produce?
IL-10
TGF-beta
IL-35
What cytokine(s) do(es) Th1 cells produce?
IFN-gamma
IL-2
TNF-alpha
What is the the primary target of Th1 lymphocytes?
cell-mediated/cyotoxic responses against viruses or intracellular pathogens
Against which type of pathogens are Th2 lymphocytes particularly effective?
extracellular pathogens (large pathogens), helps to stimulate antibody responses
Against which type of pathogens are Th17 lymphocytes particularly effective?
fungi
What is the function of T-reg cells?
switches off responses that are no longer required, maintains tolerance
What cells do Th2 lymphocytes stimulate? Through what cytokine(s)?
B cells
IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13
Why are some dogs more susceptible to intracellular pathogens such as leishmania based on their immune system function?
A more susceptible dog may have a Th2 mediated response, and since antibodies can’t get inside the macrophage where the organism is. Animals who appropriately activate a Th1 response will be able to kill the organisms.
What type of lymphocytes are primarily involved in the pathogenesis of allergy?
Th2 lymphocytes –> stimulate B lymphocytes –> become plasma cells –> secrete IgE
What cytokine produced by Th2 lymphocytes is chemotactic for eosinophils?
IL-5
What cytokine(s) produced by Th2 lymphocytes is/are important in B cell stimulation?
IL-4, IL-5, IL-9, IL-13
What are components of the innate immunity of the skin?
- dry environment
- keratin
- microflora
- epidermal barrier
- antimicrobial peptides
- secretions: enzymes, lipids, polyreactive IgA, complement
What are pathogen-associated molecular patterns?
highly conserved microbial structures – not easily altered by microbes to avoid detection
e.g. sugars, proteins, lipids, nucleic acid motifs
What type of antigenic molecules do dendritic cells recognize? Via what receptors?
pathogen-associated molecular patterns
microorganism-associated molecular patterns
damage-associated molecular patterns
VIA pattern recognition receptors (toll-like receptors)
What are NOD-like receptors?
nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain receptors
intracytoplasmic toll-like receptors of dendritic cells
activates caspase-1
converts prol-IL-1beta to active IL-1beta (proinflammatory)
What are the three signals required for activation of a naive Th0 lymphocyte?
1) recognition of antigenic peptide-MHC II complex by the T-cell receptor/recognition of MHC II by the T cell CD4 molecule
2) other surface interactions
3) cytokines produced by the APC binding to receptors on the T cell membrane
What cytokine produced by Th2 helper cells is chemotactic for mast cells?
IL-4
What is the mechanism for which exposure to parasites can be protective for development of allergy?
increases the production of T regulatory cells
T/F: Immune complex formation is a normal mechanism for antigen clearance from the body.
True
What are possible reasons that a serology test could give a false negative?
- test sensitivity was too low to detect antibody
- antibody response has been suppressed or not yet developed (neonatal, immunodeficient, immunosuppressed)
- testing too soon after antigen exposure
What are possible reasons that a serology test could give a false positive?
- exposure to a cross-reactive antigen or vaccine
- persistent antibody post exposure
- technical problem with assay
