Crop Reproduction Flashcards
(24 cards)
What is reproductive success?
How much seed/tubers/roots are produced
What is asexual reproduction?
Offspring genetically identical to parent plant
What is sexual reproduction?
Requires male and female parts
What do each of the parents provide in reproduction?
Male parent: Provides pollen
Female parent: Provides Embryo
What are the methods of asexual reproduction?
Vegetative propagation or Apomixis (seed production without fertilization)
What are the methods of sexual reproduction?
Self pollination and cross pollination
How is artificial vegetative propagation carried out?
Using a cutting from a stem (containing meristem cells) or though grafting and tissue culture
How do plants naturally propagate asexually?
flower bulbs, corms, and
rhizomes; suckers; stolons (runners).
How does apomixis occur?
One sperm nucleus (n) fuses with the egg nucleus (n), producing a zygote (2n). Double fertilization
What are the modes of cross pollination?
Allogamy and Outbreeding
What are the modes of self pollination?
Autogamy and Inbreeding
What is Allogamy?
Transfer of pollen grains from the anther of
one plant to the stigma of another plant
What mechanisms promote allogamy
Morphology: Anthers and stigma are different lengths (heterostyly).
Temporal: Male anthers reach maturity before the female stigma.
Spatial: Plants that are only male or female.
What are the main animal-pollinated crops grown in Ireland
From the Rosacea family
What are the top animal-pollinated crop exports from Ireland?
Apples, Rapeseed, Tomatoes & Strawberries
What are the main Irish Pollinators?
Honeybee (1)
Bumblebee (77)
Hoverfly (180)
How do cereals pollinate?
Wind pollinations; largely self-pollinated (PRG cross pollinated)
What are the two modes in Spacial allogamy?
Monoecy; Male and female flowers are separate on the same plant (maize).
Dioecy; Male and female flowers are on separate plants. (spinach)
What are the two outbreeding devices in cross-pollination?
Self-incompatibility and Male sterility
What is self-incompatibility?
The stigma rejects pollen from the same plant to prevent self fertilization. (Rye, Cabbage and PRG)
What is cytoplasmic male sterility ?
A mitochondrial mutation preventing pollen development, used in hybrid breeding.
What is self-pollination (autogamy) promoted by?
Hermaphrodite flowers; Contain both male and female parts.
Synchronisation; Anthers and stigma develop at the same time.
Maximum Chance: Anthers surrounding stigmas.
Eliminate chances; flowers don’t open until after pollination
In autogamy, what is Cleistogamy?
The flower remains closed excluding foreign pollen until the
anthers of the flower have shed their pollen. (Wheat, oat and barley)
What is the function of the endosperm?
It nourishes the developing embryo and stores starch.
