Cross-cultural and Indigenous psychology

Question 1

The shared rules that govern behaviour of a group of people and enable members of that group to co-exist and survive

Answer 1

Culture

Question 2

Individualist cultures emphasis the primacy of the _____ while collectivist cultures emphasise the _____

Answer 2

individual, group

Question 3

Indigenous Psychology promotes psychological approaches that are influenced by the _____ contexts in which people live, that are developed from _____ the culture and that result in locally relevant knowledge

Answer 3

cultural, within

Question 4

Is relatively stable from one generation to the next, but evolves slowly over time, this is known as a

Answer 4

cultural shift

Question 5

Enculturation:

Answer 5

the process of absorbing and internalising the rules of one’s culture

Question 6

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

They study the way in which people are affected by their culture

Answer 6

Cultural Psychologist

Question 7

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

They compare the similarities and differences in behaviour across cultures

Answer 7

Cross- cultural psychologists.

Question 8

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

The approach to cross-cultural psychology that takes a particular theory and applies it to an individual culture is termed

Answer 8

Emic perspective

Question 9

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

The emic perspective is _____-specific. It involves focusing on a specific cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group.

Answer 9

culture

Question 10

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

The ____ perspective involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures

Answer 10

Etic perspective

Question 11

Cultural influence

The universal phenomenon of _____ occurs when all behaviours and actions are judged according to the standards of one’s own culture

Answer 11

ethnocentrism

Question 12

Conceptualising Culture

Individualism-collectivism continuum:

Answer 12

The extent to which a given culture favour individual goals or communal goals

Question 13

Conceptualising Culture

The most popular way of measuring cultural variability is the _____-_____ _____, which looks at the extent to which cultures favour individual goals compared to communal goals

Answer 13

Individualism-collectivist continuum

Question 14

Conceptualising Culture

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander cultures are classified as _____ cultures, whereas Western societies are generally _____.

Answer 14

collectivist, individualistic

Question 15

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

This perspective is culture specific and involves focusing on one cultural group and examining particular psychological aspects of that group, and is likely to be the perspective utilised by Cultural Psychologists

Answer 15

Emic perspective

Question 16

Cultural and Cross-cultural Psychology

This perspective is cross-cultural and involves the search for commonalities or differences across cultures, and is likely to be the perspective used by Cross-cultural Psychologists.

Answer 16

Etic perspective

Question 17

The Dimensions of Culture

Cultures differ in their time _____ and _____

Answer 17

perspective, orientation

Question 18

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

_____ time is closely regulated and observed

Answer 18

Monochronic

Question 19

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

_____ time is loosely regulated

Answer 19

Polychronic

Question 20

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

Covers such things as the _____ towards time, how much _____ is displayed, and how much _____ space is appropriate during conversations

Answer 20

attitude, emotion, interpersonal

Question 21

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

In monochromic cultures time is divided into _____ segments and are closely _____. People are expected to be punctual

Answer 21

linear, regulated

Question 22

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

Western societies such as Australia, New Zealand, Canada and the United States are _____ cultures

Answer 22

monochronic

Question 23

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

In polychronic cultures time is much more _____, people are not expected to be as punctual and _____ attention is paid to deadlines or schedules.

Answer 23

fluid, less

Question 24

The Dimensions of Culture - Time and culture

Parts of the Middle East and South America as well as traditional Aboriginal and Maori societies are _____.

Answer 24

polychronic

Question 25

The Dimensions of Culture Monochronic cultures are focused on:

Answer 25

one task at a time, time is serious, deadlines are met, the schedule controls interactions and activities , time is rigid, divisible and inflexible

Question 26

The Dimensions of Culture Polychronic cultures are:

Answer 26

fluid, flexible, tasks can operate simultaneously, activities and interactions with each other rules, time is less important.

Question 27

The Dimensions of Culture - Emotion and culture Although research indicates that basic emotions are _____ (such as happiness, sadness, fear, anger and anxiety), there are cultural differences in relation to the _____ of displaying certain emotions in particular social circumstances.

Answer 27

universal, appropriateness

Question 28

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space _____ space dimensions include: intimate space, social and consultative space, and public space.

Answer 28

Interpersonal

Question 29

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space The closest space surrounding a person. This is usually acceptable only for close friends, lovers and family.

Answer 29

Intimate space

Question 30

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space Social and consultative space is the amount of space people feel comfortable with when interacting socially with ____ as well as _____.

Answer 30

acquaintances, strangers

Question 31

The Dimensions of Culture - Interpersonal Space ____ space is the distance apart at which people find it hard to interact with others or perceive interactions as largely impersonal.

Answer 31

Public

Question 32

The Dimensions of Culture - Emotion and culture The Rules specify the appropriateness of displaying certain emotions in particular social settings

Answer 32

Cultural Display Rules

Question 33

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture The attention people pay to _____ (that is, the circumstance in which something occurs) is also a significant dimension of _____.

Answer 33

context, culture

Question 34

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture ____ context cultures support considerable differences in behaviours and actions, depending on the prevailing circumstance and pay close attention to non-verbalcommunication cues (e.g., much of the Middle East, Asia, Africa and South America)

Answer 34

High,

Question 35

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture _____ context cultures emphasise consistency and stability across contexts and tend to rely on fact and logic and are less concerned with relationships. (e.g. North America, Australia and much of Western Europe).  

Answer 35

Low

Question 36

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture   Triandis (1995) identified a distinction between ______ and _____ cultures:

Answer 36

tight, loose.

Question 37

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture Tight vs. Loose Cultures:

Answer 37

the extent to which people are expected to adhere to cultural norms

Question 38

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture Cultures in which close attention is paid to what people are actually saying or doing, and where this is literally interpreted, are

Answer 38

low-context cultures.

Question 39

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture Personal or cultural identity will be highly influenced by their experience of _____ or _____

Answer 39

Individualism or collectivism.

Question 40

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture Which type of culture emphasises the primacy of the individual

Answer 40

Individualist

Question 41

The Dimensions of Culture - Context and culture Which cultures stress the group over individuals.

Answer 41

Collectivist

Question 42

Cross-cultural Relations Within multicultural populations, such as those in Australia and New Zealand, many groups define themselves not only by nationality but also by

Answer 42

Ethnic Identity

Question 43

An integral part of our personal identity is our:

Answer 43

Gender

Question 44

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism The tendency for a person’s own culture to influence the way they view the rest of the world, is known as:

Answer 44

Ethnocentrism

Question 45

Impact of Multiculturalism The behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes is:

Answer 45

Discrimination

Question 46

Impact of Multiculturalism Openly expressed and practiced discrimination against people of particular cultures is known as:

Answer 46

Old-fashioned prejudice

Question 47

Impact of Multiculturalism Whereas sex refers to _____, _____ refers to the roles and behaviours that a culture deems appropriate for men and women.

Answer 47

biology, gender

Question 48

Impact of Multiculturalism the tendency for a person’s own cultural values, standards, attitudes, and behaviours as the measure by which they judge the way other people think and behave.

Answer 48

Ethnocentrism

Question 49

Impact of Multiculturalism “Old-fashioned” prejudice is expressed overly and _____ while modern prejudice is much more _____.

Answer 49

blatantly, subtle

Question 50

Impact of Multiculturalism Aboriginal people inhabited every part of the Australian continent in hundreds of distinct language groups. Among these 250 separate _____, it is estimated there were 600 ______.

Answer 50

languages, dialects

Question 51

Impact of Multiculturalism According to social Darwinian theory, the Aboriginal people were viewed as:

Answer 51

biologically inferior

Question 52

Impact of Multiculturalism Under this view, there was a struggle for survival in which only the “fittest” culture would survive – so the extinction of the Aboriginal people was thought not only inevitable, but even beneficial.

Answer 52

Social Darwinian View

Question 53

Multicultural Australia Which practice did the government endorse to replace protection and segregation?

Answer 53

Assimilation

Question 54

Multicultural Australia The aim of assimilation is the ________ of Aboriginal people into the wider "Australian" way of life

Answer 54

enculturation

Question 55

Multicultural Australia The term haka literally means:

Answer 55

To ignite the Breath

Question 56

Promoting Cross-Cultural Interactions Communication practices are at the heart of which relatively new approach in psychology:

Answer 56

Discursive psychology

Question 57

Promoting Cross-Cultural Interactions Discursive psychology treats the spoken and written realities as contributing to the construction of people's _____, not just a reflection of underlying _____.

Answer 57

text, cognition

Question 58

Cross-cultural Relations A situation where multiple cultures exist within a country and where the number of inhabitants representing those cultures is significant

Answer 58

Multiculturalism

Question 59

Cross-cultural Relations General acceptance of the existence of many cultures and ethnic groups and their right to retain their cultural heritage while co-existing

Answer 59

Pluralism

Question 60

Multicultural Australia Australia was originally inhabited by Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people until _____, when the British dominated the early days of migration

Answer 60

1788

Question 61

Multicultural Australia Apart from the 1850’s _____ rush bringing in nationalities including Chinese, Indians and Afghans, until _____, the British and Europeans dominated migration in Australia.

Answer 61

gold, 1970’s

Question 62

Multicultural Australia Australia’s cultural policy has moved through a number of stages:

Answer 62

- Protection - Integration | - Assimilation - Multiculturalism

Question 63

Multicultural Australia Currently in Australia: _ in _ people were born overseas

Answer 63

1, 4

Question 64

Multicultural Australia __% of Australians have at least one parent born overseas

Answer 64

43%

Question 65

Multicultural Australia ___% of the total population speak a language other than English at home (including over 60 Indigenous languages

Answer 65

16%

Question 66

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism A number of reactions occur when cultures meet:

Answer 66

culture shock | cultural stereotypes

Question 67

Impact of Multiculturalism: Variables that impact a multicultural society include:

Answer 67

cultural stereotyping, ethnocentrism, prejudice and racism

Question 68

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism A feeling of disorientation and anxiety that occurs as people from one culture encounter and adapt to the practices, rules and expectations of another culture

Answer 68

Culture Shock -

Question 69

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism Generalised views that we hold about particular groups of people, that all members of a cultural group share common traits or behaviours

Answer 69

Cultural stereotypes -

Question 70

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism The four phases of culture shock have been identified

Answer 70

Honeymoon – initial euphoria/excitement Disenchantment – disillusionment/hositility towards new culture Resolution – recovery as understanding of new culture grows Functioning – adjustment to, and fit within, new culture

Question 71

Psychological reactions to multiculturalism -Cultural Stereotypes While cultural stereotypes involve a mixture of positive and negative attributes they lead to three distortions in thinking:

Answer 71

Accentuation of group differences (i.e., us and them) Creation of selective thinking Assumption of homogeneity in other groups

Question 72

Acculturation and Assimilation The changes that groups and individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture

Answer 72

Acculturation

Question 73

Acculturation and Assimilation Absorption into the dominant culture

Answer 73

Assimilation

Question 74

Acculturation and Assimilation Maintenance of two distinct cultural identities within a multicultural society

Answer 74

Alternation

Question 75

Acculturation and Assimilation Combining two cultures to form a new culture

Answer 75

Fusion

Question 76

Acculturation and Assimilation Acculturation is a growing field of study and is defined as the changes that individuals undergo when they come into contact with another culture.

Answer 76

Acculturation

Question 77

Culture and identity today People from a particular culture use their own values, standards, attitudes and behaviours as a yard stick against which they judge the way other people think and behave. Their own lifestyle is viewed as ‘normal’, while the lifestyles of other cultures are viewed as strange and often inferior.

Answer 77

Ethnocentrism

Question 78

Education and Culture An unreasonable and negative stereotype about members of another group (negative pre-judgement based on group membership)

Answer 78

Prejudice

Question 79

Impact of Multiculturalism Negative stereotypes about members of another racial or cultural group

Answer 79

Racial prejudice:

Question 80

Impact of Multiculturalism Studies have shown that prejudice is often associated with low ____-____.

Answer 80

self-esteem

Question 81

Impact of Multiculturalism Pervasive and systematic assumption of inferiority and the unfair and differential treatment of others based on this assumption of inferiority

Answer 81

Racism

Question 82

Impact of Multiculturalism Behavioural manifestation of prejudiced attitudes

Answer 82

Discrimination:

Question 83

Impact of Multiculturalism The fear or hatred of foreigners, or anything foreign or unfamiliar

Answer 83

Xenophobia -

Question 84

Impact of Multiculturalism Historically, discrimination against people of particular cultures was expressed and practised _____

Answer 84

openly

Question 85

Impact of Multiculturalism Indigenous Australians were not allowed to vote until

Answer 85

1962

Question 86

Reducing Prejudice The Australian Psychological Society made the following recommendations to reduce prejudice in 1998 on four levels.

Answer 86

Macro level Institutional level Psychology Individual

Question 87

Reducing Prejudice The following are ____ level recommendations - Federal and state government legislation, policy and funding aimed at reducing racism and discrimination. - Public statements that condemn racism should be put forward in the media to promote social change.

Answer 87

Macro level

Question 88

Reducing Prejudice The following are ____ level recommendations - Institutions, professions and community groups should review their own policies and practices on racism - Institutions should conduct anti-racism training programs that promote intercultural understanding

Answer 88

Institutional level

Question 89

Reducing Prejudice The following are ____ level recommendations - The discipline and profession of psychology should formally rebut any assertion that reinforces attribution biases or any statement that asserts racial superiority or inferiority on any psychological attribute - APS accredited programs in undergraduate psychology should include courses on cross-cultural issues

Answer 89

Psychology

Question 90

Reducing Prejudice The following are ____ level recommendations - Individuals can contribute by becoming active members of groups that encourage tolerance and committing a certain amount of time to these issues

Answer 90

Individual

Question 91

Reducing Prejudice Mutual cooperation on common goals through informal interpersonal interactions is thought to break down barriers

Answer 91

The Contact Hypothesis:

Question 92

Indigenous Psychology The original inhabitants of a land or country, who in most cases now share their traditional homeland with others

Answer 92

Indigenous peoples

Question 93

Indigenous Psychology The objectives of indigenous psychology are to develop psychologies:

Answer 93

That are not imposed That are influenced by cultural context That are developed from within the culture That result in locally relevant knowledge

Question 94

Indigenous Psychology - Six targets to: Close the life expectancy gap within a generation ½ the gap in child mortality rates within a decade Access to early childhood education within 5 years for remote communities ½ the gap in reading, writing and numeracy within a decade ½ the gap in Yr 12 attainment by 2020 ½ the gap in employment outcomes within a decade

Answer 94

closing the gap

Question 95

Aboriginal Identity Enabling Indigenous Australian people to establish their own identity and make decisions on their own futures – has been suggested as a key

Answer 95

Self-determination

Question 96

Non Verbal Communication Nonverbal behaviours that accompany our communications are the source of considerable cross-cultural confusion.

Answer 96

``` Kinesics: gestures, facial expressions Oculesics: eye contact Haptics: touch Proxemics: distance Chronemics: time Vocalics: pitch, volume, tempo ```

Question 97

Non Verbal Communication How does this impact the loss of Aboriginal languages? Language and culture are inextricably linked: Culture influences language (through thoughts, motives and behaviours) The use of language reinforces culture

Answer 97

The loss of language is a key factor in the loss of Aboriginal culture – and it cannot be replaced

Question 98

Culture and Language The ___-_____ hypothesis suggests that speakers of different languages think differently because of the differences in their languages

Answer 98

Sapir-Whorf

Question 99

Culturally Competent Psychologists a person’s effectiveness in communicating and behaving appropriately with people from another culture

Answer 99

Cultural competence

Question 100

Culturally Competent Psychologists Cultural competence Involves understanding AND the practical application of this knowledge Is an _____ responsibility of psychologists

Answer 100

ethical