Social Psychology Flashcards by Sam Rigby

Social Psychology examines the influence of _____ _____ on the way people ____, ____ and _____.

social processes, think, feel and behave

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Thoughts (_____)
Feelings (_____)
Behaviour (_____)

cognition, emotions, actions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social Psychology is the study of the mutual influences between the _____ and _____.

individual, others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Social Psychology considers individual behaviour, feelings and thoughts but in the context of:

a) interactions with others, and

b) the influences of others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The influence of others includes the _____, imagined or implied _____, feelings and actions of others.

perceived, thoughts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An ____ is an association between an act or object and an evaluation.

attitude

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attitudes

Are a fundamental concept of social psychology involved in all areas of social _____ from political decisions to _____ and prejudice

behaviour, stereotyping

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attitudes

An attitude is a tendency to to evaluate a person, concept or group either _____ or _____

positively or negatively

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attitudes

Some Psychologists distinguish three components of the evaluation:

cognitive (thoughts),
emotional (feelings)
behavioural.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes can vary along a number of dimensions (6)

Strength
Importance
Accessibility
Complexity
Ambivalence
Coherence

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Attitude _____ – the durability and impact of an attitude. An attitude is durable if it tends to persist over time and is resistant to change. An attitude has impact if it affects _____ and influences the way the person thinks and feels.

strength, behaviour

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Two variables that can affect an attitude’s strength are attitude _____ and _____

importance and accessibility.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Attitude _____ – refers to the personal relevance of an attitude and the psychological significance of that attitude for an individual. The more importance of personal relevance assigned to an attitude the greater its strength.

importance,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dimensions of Attitudes

_____ attitudes – refers to associations between attitude objects and feelings about them that regulate thought and behaviour _____ and automatically.

Implicit, , unconsciously

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dimensions of Attitudes

Psychologists are increasingly recognising the importance of distinguishing ____(conscious) attitudes from _____ attitudes.

explicit , implicit

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Dimensions of Attitudes

The attitudes that someone may express _____ to allow him to make a desirable impression on others (explicit attitudes) may differ markedly from those that he holds _____ or that are revealed when he fails to devote conscious attention to the attitudes being expressed.

publicly, privately

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Cognitive _____ – attitudes may vary in their level of intricacy of thoughts about different attitude objects. Although two people may evaluate the same attitude objective similarly (positively or negatively) the complexity of their evaluation may vary markedly.

complexity,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Attitudinal _____ –the extent to which a given attitude object is associated with conflicting evaluative responses.

ambivalence,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Determining the degree to which a person holds _____ attitudes is important in assessing the relationship between attitudes and behaviour.

ambivalent,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Non-ambivalent attitudes are more ____ of behavioural intentions, which in turn predicts actual behaviour. Behaviour change programs often work with participant ambivalence

predictive

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Components of Attitudes

Attitudinal _____ – the extent to which an attitude is internally consistent. Logically, the cognitive (how we think about it) and emotional (feeling) aspects of attitudes should be congruent.

coherence,

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attitudes are likely to predict behaviour when:

1) The attitude and behaviour are specific
2) Environmental reinforcement matches attitude
3) Important others share the same attitude
4) Attitudes are implicit (unconscious)
5) Attitude is strong
6) Attitude has developed from personal experience

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

People’s attitudes _____ predict their actions if the attitude and action are both relatively _____ (for example, attitude to the environment does not predict recycling, but attitude to recycling does).

do, specific

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions

Possibly most importantly, people’s attitude are only one of many influences on what they do. From a behaviourist perspective, behaviour is under the control of _____ consequences. Thus, if the attitude is _____ in the environment, the behaviour is more _____.

environmental, reinforced, predictable.

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions 3. Consistent with _____ identity theory, the consistency between people’s attitudes and their behaviour is _____ if members of important groups appear to _____ and endorse similar attitudes.

social, higher, share

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions 4. A lot of behaviour is controlled by _____ procedures or habits that people learn through _____, rather than their explicit attitude.

implicit, experience

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions 5. _____ attitudes are more predictive of behaviour than weaker attitudes. Attitudes are typically composed of evaluative components that predict whether behavioural action will follow. That is, when attitudes are strong, then there is a greater likelihood that behaviour will follow. When attitudes are weak, however, then there is a lower likelihood of high behavioural effort being expended.

Stronger, ,

Attitude - Behaviour Predictions 6. The way attitudes are acquired influences their impact on behaviour. Attitudes shaped by _____ _____ are especially likely to influence action.

personal experience

Refers to the deliberate attempt to change an attitude held by another

Persuasion

Persuasion There are 5 Components of Effective Persuasion — attending to each is crucial to the success of a persuasive appeal

``` Sources Messages Channels Context Receiver ```

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion - speakers tend to be more persuasive when they appear credible (expert and trustworthy), attractive, likeable, powerful and similar to the recipient of the message.

Source –

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion – A match between the recipient’s willingness and ability to think about the message and the way the message is delivered is crucial for persuasion. Fear appeals (efforts to induce fear to try to change attitudes) can sometimes be effective, but they can backfire if they induce too much fear and lead people to stop attending to the message.

Message

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion This refers to the means by which a message is sent, (for example in words, images, face-to-face, email). Choosing the right channel can be as important as selecting the right message.

Channel –

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion The context in which a message is presented can also influence attitude to change, as it the presence of competing messages.

Context –

Name this Components of Effective Persuasion the message in the right place at the right time increases persuasion.

Receiving

People vary in: the _____ of their existing attitude, existing _____ and the extent to which they will reflect of the argument.

strength, bias

Processes of Persuasion - Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion It has been suggested that there are two routes to persuasion:

the central routes | the peripheral routes:

Processes of Persuasion - Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion The_____ route is one based on presenting _____-_____ arguments for or against something., inducing the message recipient to think carefully about the argument to change attitudes.

central, well-reasoned,

Processes of Persuasion - Elaboration likelihood model of persuasion The _____ route is visceral, less rational, appealing to the emotions of the recipients rather than the thoughts.

peripheral,

_____ _____ Refers to a perceived discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour that results in a state of psychological tension similar to anxiety.

Cognitive Dissonance

Cognitive Dissonance Motivates the individual to reduce tension by:

- Changing the behaviour - Changing the attitude - Changing the perception of the inconsistent information

Cognitive dissonance e.g.. a person holds the belief that smoking is dangerous (_____) but does not smoke (_____), she does not experience dissonance: the two elements are consistent.

thought, behaviour

Cognitive dissonance Is a powerful method of altering behaviour by creating tension when a response is _____ with expectations.

inconsistent ,

Cognitive Dissonance – an example: An individual knows that speeding increases the risk of car accidents (attitude) — yet speeds on a daily basis (behaviour). This results in _____ _____. In order to reduce the tension the individual may (3)

cognitive dissonance, Change behaviour Change attitude Change perception

The processes by which people make sense of themselves, others, social interactions, and relationships is known as

Social Cognition

Social Cognition Cognitive models are used to understand social ______.

phenomena

Social Cognition Models _____ models and _____ processing view representations as patterns of activation of networks of neurons operating in parallel. The neural network systems somehow weed out less likely hypotheses about what the object is and settle on a solution. It does this by taking into account the multiply constraints imposed on the data.

Connectionist, parallel,

Social Cognition Models Schemas as a way of _____ principles

organising

_____ _____ Is largely concerned with how one _____ others are thinking or feeling, that is, thinking about other people thinking.

Social cognition, believes

Perceiving other people Social processes of used to understand other people

``` First Impressions -Halo Effect Schema Stereotypes Prejudice Attribution ```

Perceiving other people Schemas are patterns of thought that organise our experiences/knowledge: (4)

Person Schema Situation Schema Role Schema Relationship Schema

Perceiving other people Person Schema

Represent specific types of people (librarians, extroverts, students)

Perceiving other people Situation schemas:

Represent different social situations (formal vs. informal)

Perceiving other people Role schemas:

Represent expectations for social roles (student, professor, parent)

Perceiving other people Relationship schemas

Represent expectations about self and others in unique relationships (siblings, couples)

Perceiving other people _____ allow us to enter new situations with an idea of how we and others are to act.

Schemas

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice Schemas can be rigid and prone to these errors: (3)

Stereotypes Prejudice Discrimination

Perceiving other people -Stereotypes and Prejudice Stereotypes represent

Represent characteristics assigned to persons based on their membership in a specific group

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice Prejudice involves

judging others based on a stereotype.

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice Discrimination is acting

negatively towards a person

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice _____ are necessary — we do not have the cognitive resources necessary to analyse every new situation we encounter

Stereotypes

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice Racism reflects a _____ attitude toward members of a racial group.

negative

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice Stereotype is the _____ component

cognitive

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice Prejudice is the _____ component

emotional

Perceiving other people - Stereotypes and Prejudice | Discrimination is the _____ component

behavioural

Roots of racism may lie in _____

personality

Roots of racism The _____ personality includes the tendency to hate people who are different. This personality type is associated with a _____, stern father and a _____ mother.

Authoritarian, dominant, submissive

Roots of racism _____ racism involves the _____ use of stereotypes and the expression of _____

Explicit, conscious, prejudice

Roots of racism _____ racism is the _____ influence of stereotypes toward members of a racial group.

Implicit, unconscious

Roots of racism In ambiguous situations, whites tend to

Be less helpful toward blacks than other whites | Believe in stiffer legal penalties for black criminals

Stereotypes and Prejudice Fighting a stereotype can _____ the expression of the stereotype

intensify

Stereotypes and Prejudice _____ reflects socialisation processes from parent to child

Prejudice

Stereotypes and Prejudice In Australia children from minority and majority _____ express preferences toward the _____ culture by the preschool years

subcultures, majority

Stereotypes and Prejudice ______ is transmitted from one generation to the next and it takes hold from a young age.

Prejudice,

Stereotypes and Prejudice Prejudice requires a distinction between ___groups and ___ groups

in, out (us and them)

Stereotypes and Prejudice Once process that intensifies _____ is that people tend to perceive members of out groups as much more _______ than they really are and to emphasise the individuality of __group members

stereotyping, homogenous, in.

Stereotypes and Prejudice In group and outgroup distinctions probably reflect both ______ and ______ factors.

motivational, cognitive

_____ Refers to the process of inferring the causes of mental states and behaviours of yourself and others

Attribution

Attribution Weiner (1992, 1995) proposed a model that has three elements:

People seek to understand why certain event happened People attribute the outcome to a cause People base their future behaviour on the attributions that they make

Attribution When situations arise, people typically behave using _____ science.

intuitive (intuitive judgements)

Attribution Intuitive judgements make external _____ (situation or environment) and internal (person).

attributions

Issues in Attribution Internal vs. External attributions depend on:

Consensus Consistency Distinctiveness

Issues in Attribution The extent to which a behaviour is operative in a group or the way most people respond

Consensus - If many people behave the same way, you are likely to make an external attribution.

Issues in Attribution The extent to which a person responds reliably to stimulus or the extent to which a person always responds in the same way to the same stimulus

Consistency - If behaviour is consistent, you are likely to make an internal attribution.

Issues in Attribution The extent to which a person responds to different stimuli or the individual’s likelihood t respond this way to many different stimuli

Distinctiveness - If behaviour is distinctive, you are likely to make an external attribution.

Processes that Modulate Attribution

Discounting Augmentation Attribution Style

Processes that Modulate Attribution Occurs when a person downplays the role of a variable because of the influence of another variable is

Discounting

Processes that Modulate Attribution Occurs with an increase in an internal attribution for certain behaviours is

Augmentation

Processes that Modulate Attribution Person’s habitual manner of assigning causes to behaviours or events is known as

Attributional Style

Errors of Attributions

Fundamental Attribution Error | Self-serving Bias

Errors of Attributions The Tendency for observers, when analysing another’s behaviour, to underestimate the impact of external factors and to overestimate the impact of internal factors

Fundamental Attribution Error

Errors of Attributions The Tendency to attribute our successes to internal factors and failures to external factors Tend to see ourselves in a more positive light than others see us

Self-serving Bias

The _____ is the person, including mental processes, body, and personality characteristics.

self

The Self ____-____ is a schema that guides thinking and memory relevant to the self (cognitive component).

Self-concept

The Self ____-____ is an individual’s evaluation of the self and how much he/she likes and respects the self (affective component).

Self-esteem

The Self and Culture | The self is viewed differently in _____ and _____ cultures.

collectivist | Individualist

Motives that Guide Perception of Self

Self-esteem Self-consistency Self-presentation

Motives that Guide Perception of Self The way individuals feel about themselves

Self Esteem

Motives that Guide Perception of Self The motive to interpret information to fit the way one already sees oneself

Self Consistency

Motives that Guide Perception of Self The process by which people try to control the impressions that others form of them

Self Presentation

Attitudes An _____ is an association between an object and an ___ usually including cognitive, evaluative and behavioural components.

attitude, evaluation

Cognitive Dissonance occurs when a person experiences a discrepancy between an attitude and a behaviour or new information.

dissonance

Social Cognition Refers to the processes by which people make sense of others

Social

The Self Self-____ refers to an individuals concept of the self

concept

Social Psychology Flashcards

(104 cards)