Cross-cultural Psychology

Question 1

What is culture?

Answer 1

A product of human interaction and a set of practices that characterise a specific social group

Question 2

What is cross-cultural psychology?

Answer 2

The study of cultural difference in more than one culture. The goal is to develop a universal psychology

Question 3

What does culture blind mean?

Answer 3

Theory and data untested outside of the host culture

Question 4

What are the two kinds of cultural variables?

Answer 4

Objective culture and subjective culture

Question 5

What is objective culture?

Answer 5

Explicit such as music and language

Question 6

What is subjective culture?

Answer 6

More latent such as values and norms

Question 7

What is mainstream psychology?

Answer 7

The study of human psyche in one culture, assuming the findings can be generalized to all humans and not just those in the study.

Question 8

What does WEIRD stand for?

Answer 8

Western, education, industrialised, rich, democratic

Question 9

What did Masuda and Nisbett, 2001, find?

Answer 9

When participants watched an animation and described what they saw, americans described the focal object and the Japanese descrubed the background

Question 10

What is the emic method?

Answer 10

The focus on culture specific phenomena such as behaviour and norms

Question 11

What is the etic method?

Answer 11

Comparison of universal dimensions

Question 12

What is ethnographic research?

Answer 12

Study of a specific society based on fieldwork, the researcher is immersed in the everyday life

Question 13

Who characterised cultures by relationships?

Answer 13

Fiske

Question 14

What is the relational theory based on?

Answer 14

Schemas

Question 15

What are the 4 schemas of the relational theory?

Answer 15

Communal sharing, authority ranking, equality matching and market pricing

Question 16

What is communal sharing?

Answer 16

Group transcends the individual

Question 17

What is authority ranking?

Answer 17

Defined by linear hierarchy

Question 18

What is equality matching?

Answer 18

The attending to balance in social exchanges

Question 19

What is market pricing?

Answer 19

The sense of proportional outcomes

Question 20

What is the contact hypothesis?

Answer 20

Bringing members of opposing social groups together improves intergroup relations and reduces discrimination

Question 21

Who looked at communication between cultures?

Answer 21

Gallois et al

Question 22

What did Gallois et al find?

Answer 22

Communication style of overseas Chinese student may reinforce unfavourable stereotypes of that group

Question 23

What is acculturation?

Answer 23

The process where the individual learns about the rules of behaviour of another culture

Question 24

What occurs in acculturation?

Answer 24

Integration, assimilation, separation and marginalisation

Question 25

What is integration?

Answer 25

Maintaining home culture but also relating dominant culture

Question 26

What is assimilation?

Answer 26

Giving up home culture and embracing dominant culture

Question 27

What is separation?

Answer 27

Maintaining home culture and being isolated from dominant culture

Question 28

What is marginalisation?

Answer 28

Giving up home culture and failing to relate properly to dominant culture

Question 29

What are the cross-cultural dimensions?

Answer 29

Individualism-Collectivism, independence/Interdependence, 4 value dimensions of Hofstede, 7 value dimensions of Schwartz, the 3 grouping of value dimensions

Question 30

What is eastern culture?

Answer 30

Collectivist

Question 31

What is western culture?

Answer 31

The pursuit of the individual is encouraged

Question 32

What culture is affect in?

Answer 32

When life satisfaction is more in individualistic culture

Question 33

What culture is culture norms in?

Answer 33

Collectivist

Question 34

What self does individualistic culture emphasise?

Answer 34

The private self

Question 35

What self does the collectivist culture emphasise?

Answer 35

The public and collective aspects of the self

Question 36

What did Griffiths et al, 2006 look at?

Answer 36

The schizophrenia image in Japan

Question 37

What did Griffiths et al, 2006 find?

Answer 37

In collectivist groups it is hard to return to the group once out of the group

Question 38

Who found the independent/interdependent self?

Answer 38

Markus and Kitayama 1991

Question 39

What is the independent self?

Answer 39

The self that is relatively separate, internal and unique

Question 40

What is the interdependent self?

Answer 40

A self that is dependent on social relations

Question 41

What is the self in individualistic cultures?

Answer 41

Independent

Question 42

Who looked at the independent and interdependent self in cultures?

Answer 42

Hannover and Kuhnen, 2004

Question 43

What did Hannover and Kuhnen find?

Answer 43

People from individualistic cultures make independent descriptions from themselves but collectivist make interdependent descriptions

Question 44

What is the behaviour of the independent self governed by?

Answer 44

Dispositional characteristics

Question 45

What is the self in collectivism cultures?

Answer 45

Interdependent

Question 46

What is the interdependent self governed by?

Answer 46

Diffusing boundaries between the self and others

Question 47

What is the independent self categorised as?

Answer 47

Formulates personal goals, competitive, achievement orientated, autonomous, stable

Question 48

What is the interdependent self categorised as?

Answer 48

Meets obligations and conforms to its norms, cooperative, orientated to the collective, flexible, fluid

Question 49

What did Trafimow et al, 1997 find?

Answer 49

Chinese students who took a test in English were focuses on personal traits but those who took the test in Chinese were focused in group affiliations

Question 50

What did Kim and Markus 1999 find in uniqueness vs common?

Answer 50

American participants choose products that are unique but east asian ads choose products that are common due to conformity

Question 51

What does the independent self focus on?

Answer 51

Separate from social context, feelings and thoughts, focus on self-actualisation

Question 52

What does the interdependent self focus on?

Answer 52

Connection with social context, roles and statuses. Promoting others' goals and belonging

Question 53

Who looked at consistency in preference-choice?

Answer 53

Heine and Lehman 1997

Question 54

What happened in the Heine and Lehman 1997 study?

Answer 54

Participants were promised a CD they like as payment for participation, participants rated 10 CDs, got choice of 5th or 6th of their rating, rated CDs again

Question 55

What were the findings from Heine and Lehman study?

Answer 55

The rating changed more in Americans than Japanese

Question 56

What are Hofstede's 4 cultural dimensions?

Answer 56

Individualism/collectivism, power distance, masculinity-femininity, uncertainty avoidance

Question 57

What is power distance?

Answer 57

The degree to which unequal power in an institution is accepted

Question 58

What is uncertainty avoidance?

Answer 58

Planning for stability in life's uncertainties

Question 59

What is masculinity-femininity?

Answer 59

Valuing of attributes as typically male or female

Question 60

What is individualism-collectivism?

Answer 60

Whether one's identity is determined by personal choice of the collective

Question 61

What are criticisms of Hofstede's cultural value dimensions?

Answer 61

Theoretically based. There is biased samples as most of them were male

Question 62

Who looked at the grouping of nations in terms of value dimensions?

Answer 62

Fiske, Kityama and Nisbett

Question 63

What did Fiske, Kitayama and Nisbett find?

Answer 63

Western European nations are individualistic and egalitarian, eastern European nations are individualistic and hierarchical, Asian nations are collectivist and hierarchical

Question 64

What are the 3 problems that societies confront in Schwartz's cultural value dimensions?

Answer 64

To what extent are people autonomous vs embedded in their groups, how to guarantee responsible behaviour and relations of people with the natural world

Question 65

What are the 7 value dimensions of Schwartz?

Answer 65

Harmony, egalitarianism, mastery, hierarchy, intellectual autonomy, affective autonomy, embeddedness