Prosocial Behaviour

Question 1

What is prosocial behaviour?

Answer 1

Behaviour that has positive social consequences and
contributes to the physical or psychological well-being
of another person. Voluntary and has the intention of helping others.

Question 2

What is helping behaviour?

Answer 2

Intentional and benefits another living being in a group

Question 3

What are the 4 motives for helping?

Answer 3

Egoism, altruism, collectivism, principlism

Question 4

What is egoism?

Answer 4

Helping secure social and self-reward and escape punishment

Question 5

What is principlism?

Answer 5

Moral principles

Question 6

What is altruism?

Answer 6

An act that benefits another rather than oneself

Question 7

What are the personal, social and situational factors when people help?

Answer 7

Empathy based altruism, the nature of the need, the perception of the victim, the mood, competence

Question 8

What is empathy based altruism?

Answer 8

Motivated by an emotional response to someone’s distress

Question 9

What is the nature of the need?

Answer 9

More likely to help if the perceived need is clear, unambiguous, legitimate and uncontrollable

Question 10

What is the perception of the victim?

Answer 10

We are more likely to help if the victim is similar to you

Question 11

How does mood effect prosocial?

Answer 11

We are more likely to help if you are in a good mood or need an external influence to make you feel good

Question 12

Why are people in bad mood less likely to show prosocial behaviour?

Answer 12

Concentration on themselves and their problems and less on others

Question 13

What are the personal, social, situational factors when people do not help?

Answer 13

Diffusion of responsibility, audience inhibition, social influence

Question 14

What is diffusion of responsibility?

Answer 14

Believing someone else would help to reduce the feelings of responsibility

Question 15

What is audience inhibition?

Answer 15

Not helping due to fear of looking foolish or incompetent in front of others

Question 16

What is social influence?

Answer 16

We are less likely to help if other onlookers seem unfazed by the situation

Question 17

What are examples of personal factors?

Answer 17

Feelings of guilt, considering one’s self a helpful person, feeling in control, feeling like the leader of a group, gender

Question 18

What are the gender differences?

Answer 18

Males are more helpful to woman but woman show more empathy

Question 19

What does being leader cause in prosocial behaviour?

Answer 19

Acts as a cue for responsibility, less diffusion of responsibility

Question 20

Who looked at personality according to prosocial behaviour?

Answer 20

Caprara, Alessandri and Eisenberg

Question 21

What did Caprara, Alessandri and Eisenberg find?

Answer 21

People who score high on attributes of agreeableness and empathetic self-efficacy are more prosocial

Question 22

What physical characteristics are more likely to be helpful?

Answer 22

Physically stronger, taller, heavier

Question 23

What attachment style is more prosocial?

Answer 23

Secure

Question 24

What are examples of situational factors?

Answer 24

The number of other bystanders, the rural vs city location, the scrooge effect

Question 25

What is the scrooge effect?

Answer 25

Mortality salience increases prosocial attitudes and behaviour

Question 26

Who looked at rural vs city location?

Answer 26

Christensen & Fierst (1998

Question 27

What did Christensen and Fierst find?

Answer 27

More prosocial behaviour in rural communities than cities

Question 28

What is the bystander effect?

Answer 28

People are less likely to help when with others

Question 29

Who did an experiment on the bystander effect?

Answer 29

Latane

Question 30

What did Latane find?

Answer 30

70% of helping when alone and 40% in pairs when male pps see a woman in a room struggling to open filing cabinet and a loud crash and cry

Question 31

What are the complications of the bystander effect?

Answer 31

The effect depends on the nature of the group, the relationship with the victim, the seriousness of the situation

Question 32

How does the bystander effect depends on the nature of the group?

Answer 32

Reduced for connected groups

Question 33

How does the bystander effect depend on the relationship with the victim?

Answer 33

Reduced for kinship

Question 34

What is kin selection?

Answer 34

Cooperator are biased to skin for the propagation of fenes

Question 35

What is a communicative gene?

Answer 35

A gene for emotional signals to maintain social bonds and increase possibility for prosocial behaviour

Question 36

How does the bystander effect depend on the seriousness of the situation?

Answer 36

Reduced for the high risk situations

Question 37

What are evolutionary accounts for helping people?

Answer 37

We are more likely to help those related to us (survival of kin) and the young than the old. But we are more likely to help the sick and the poor

Question 38

What is reciprocal altruism in the evolutionary account?

Answer 38

Helping because this person may help you in the future

Question 39

What do the costs have to be in reciprocal altruism?

Answer 39

The costs for the helper must be lower than the benefits for the recipient

Question 40

What are the direct social accounts for prosocial behaviour?

Answer 40

Instructions and reinforcements

Question 41

What is the indirect social account for prosocial behaviour?

Answer 41

Vicarious learning

Question 42

What is the reciprocity norm?

Answer 42

Helping due to past actions

Question 43

What is the social responsibility norm?

Answer 43

Helping those in need

Question 44

What is self-attribution?

Answer 44

Internalising helpful behaviour, used as a guide for future situations

Question 45

What is victim attribution?

Answer 45

Judging whether the victim deserved their fate

Question 46

What is the belief in victim attribution?

Answer 46

Need to belief that the world is fair and just (Lerner & Miller, 1978, the just world hypothesis)

Question 47

What does helping depend on in victim attribution?

Answer 47

On the belief that victim is a special case and the need is temporary or persisting

Question 48

What does empathy require?

Answer 48

Perspective taking to experience the world from another's view

Question 49

What is the process for empathy?

Answer 49

Recognising others' emotional state, arousal response in the self (affect sharing), attribution of the state to the others, empathetic response, prosocial behaviour

Question 50

What is the process when there is a lack of empathy?

Answer 50

Recognising others' emotional state, arousal response in the self (affect sharing), misattribution of the state, personal distress, withdrawal

Question 51

What is the bystander-calculus model?

Answer 51

When we help as the benefits outweigh the costs

Question 52

What is the process for the bystander-calculus model?

Answer 52

Physiological arousal from others' distress, labelling of arousal (an emotion), evaluating consequence of helping or not helping (time, effort e.g), helping and not helping carrying costs

Question 53

What are the 2 carrying costs in the bystander-calculus model?

Answer 53

Empathetic cost: empathetic response Personal cost: feeling ashamed e.g.

Question 54

What is the method for Batson et al (1981)?

Answer 54

Designed an experiment where participants watched an undergrad receive electric shocks, they decide whether to receive the remaining shocks themselves, undergrad were either similar (high empathy) or dissimilar (low empathy), they could leave or were made to leave

Question 55

What were the findings for Batson et al?

Answer 55

When empathy was high (high similarity) the ease of escape had little effect. When empathy was low people only took shocks when it was difficult to escape

Question 56

What are the elements of an emergency within the Latane and Darley's cognitive model?

Answer 56

Danger for the person or the property , unusual, rare differ in nature, not foreseen, requires instant action

Question 57

What occurs in Latane & Darley's cognitive model?

Answer 57

An emergency, attend to event, interpret the event as an emergency, assume responsibility, decide what to do (give help), then they help

Question 58

What does Latane and Darley's cognitive model involve?

Answer 58

Uncertainty, ambiguity and a lack of structure so we look to others for guidance

Question 59

What are the risks of receiving help? (Nadler & Fisher, 2016)

Answer 59

Threatens self-esteem, gratitude expected, admitting vulnerability on others, feelings of inferiority, pressure to reciprocate