crude oil

Question 1

what is crude oil

Answer 1

chains of hydrocarbons

Question 2

how are the fractions separated

Answer 2

by fractional distillation

Question 3

order of fractions

Answer 3

refinery gas

gasoline

kerosene

diesel

fuel oil

bitumen

Question 4

refinery gas used for

Answer 4

cooking and heating

Question 5

gasoline used for

Answer 5

fuel for cars

Question 6

kerosene used for

Answer 6

fuel for aeroplanes

Question 7

diesel used for

Answer 7

fuel for trucks

Question 8

fuel oil used for

Answer 8

fuel for ships

Question 9

how are the fractions separated (where)

Answer 9

in a fractionating column

Question 9

what does the fractionating column provide

Answer 9

temperature gradient

Question 9

bitumen used for

Answer 9

roads and roofs

Question 10

process of fractional distillation

Answer 10

• crude oil is heated and vapourised
• the vapours of hydrocarbons enter the column which has a temperature gradient
• the vapours of hydrocarbons with high boiling points condense at the bottom
• vapours with low boiling points rise up and then condense at the top

Question 11

properties (4)

Answer 11

as you go DOWN

• colour darkens
• boiling point increases
• viscosity increases
• flammability decreases

Question 12

what does fuel do when burned

Answer 12

releases energy

Question 13

when does complete combustion happen

Answer 13

with excess oxygen

Question 14

complete combustion produces

Answer 14

water and carbon dioxide

Question 15

incomplete combustion happens when

Answer 15

theres insufficient oxygen to burn

Question 16

incomplete combustion produces

Answer 16

soot or carbon dioxide and water

Question 17

why is carbon monoxide dangerous

Answer 17

it binds to haemoglobin, stopping and slowing oxygen transport to organs

Question 18

formation of nitrogen oxides

Answer 18

• car engines can reach very high temperatures
• this allows gases in the air which are usually unreactive (nitrogen and oxygen) in the air to react
• this produces oxides of nitrogen

Question 19

what does oxides of nitrogen cause

Answer 19

acid rain and irritates lungs

Question 20

formation of sulphur dioxide

Answer 20

hydrocarbon fuels (diesel, kerosene) contain sulphur impurities

when the fuel burns, sulfur reacts with oxygen forming sulphur dioxide

Question 21

sulphur dioxide creates

Answer 21

is a toxic gas which causes acid rain

Question 22

how is acid rain formed

Answer 22

sulfuric acid and nitric acid react are formed when sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen react with oxygen and water, and they fall as acid rain

Question 23

what is cracking

Answer 23

an industrial process used to break long chain hydrocarbon molecules into more useful, smaller chains hydrocarbon molecules (alkanes or alkenes)

Question 24

what is catalytic cracking

Answer 24

involves heating the hydrocarbon molecules to around 600-700ºC to vapourize them vapours then pass over a hot powdered catalyst of aluminium oxide and causes bonds to break, resulting in thermal decomposition reactions

Question 25

what is cracking used for

Answer 25

to convert excess unwanted fractions into more useful ones because demand is increasing