CSCI Final Review

Question 1

What are html tags?

Answer 1

Tags are the bracket parts ex : <p> </p>, <img></img>

Question 2

What are attributes?

Answer 2

Parts that describe html tags. Things like width=400 or height=500, src=someimg.jpg

Question 3

What is CSS?

Answer 3

Styles that make things look pretty. Ex.: style=”float:right”

Question 4

How do you center an image to a webpage that is able to pass HTML 4.01 validation?

Answer 4

text-align:center attribute or style=”float:center”

Question 5

If we have”n” bits, where n≥0 is an integer, what is the maximum number of different symbols we can encode?

Answer 5

2^n buts where n=0 to infinity

Question 6

If we need to encode 37 different symbols using binary, what is the minimum number of bits needed?

Answer 6

2^6 bits=64 bits. (guess and check)

Question 7

(100111)2=(___)10

Answer 7

79

Question 8

(97)10=(____)2

Answer 8

1100001

Question 9

What is the TOIBE index?

Answer 9

A list of the most popular programming languages

Question 10

Most typical life cycle of a program?

Answer 10

1. Describing the Problem (problem statement)
2. Making a Plan (algorithm development-can be represented using pseudocode)
3. Coding (Speaking the language of the computer)
4. Debugging (getting rid of errors)
5. Testing and documentation (finishing the project)

Question 11

What is the difference between an algorithm and a program?

Answer 11

Algorithm: step by step descriptions of such paths which a problem solver needs to follow to achieve the outcome. A good algorithm will have the ability to solve the problem with high efficiency (minimum time and computing effort)

Program: a way to explain the algorithm to a computer in different programming languages that a computer can understand, so that the algorithm steps can be actually executed by the computer, hence to achieve the desired outcome and solve the problem.

Question 12

What is a program?

Answer 12

A way to explain the algorithm to a computer in different programming languages that a computer can understand, so that the algorithm steps can be actually executed by the computer, hence to achieve the desired outcome and solve the problem.

Question 13

What is an algorithm?

Answer 13

Step by step descriptions of such paths which a problem solver needs to follow to achieve the outcome. A good algorithm will have the ability to solve the problem with high efficiency (minimum time and computing effort)

Question 14

What is pseudocode?

Answer 14

A loose framework of steps that help map out how a problem is to be solved and the steps that need to be taken; not syntactically correct.

Question 15

What is compiling?

Answer 15

Translating from a higher level of programming language to a lower level one that is closer to binary

Question 16

What is debugging?

Answer 16

Looking for, finding, and correcting errors.

Question 17

What is a logical error?

Answer 17

A program runs but does not execute properly

Question 18

What is a compilation error?

Answer 18

Improper usage of syntax that prevents the compiling process and doesn’t allow a program to run

Question 19

What is an IDE?

Answer 19

Integrated Development Environment: software that is used to assist in the creation of other software

Question 20

What is a popular free IDE that was discussed in class?

Answer 20

Eclipse: has an interpreter function and a compiler

Question 21

What are the 5 layers of the protocol stack used for network communication?

Answer 21

1. Application: url turned into a get HTTP request to get IP address
2. Transport: TCP or UDP requests are broken into packets
3. Network: each packed is given a source IP, a destination IP, and a data psrt
4. Link Layer: each part gets a hardware address or MAC address which is found using the ARP (Address Resolution Protocol)
5. Physical layer (bits on a wire)

Question 22

What are the 3 typical layers of a computing system?

Answer 22

Application Layer
Operating System Layer
Hardware Layer

Question 23

What is the CPU fetch-execute cycle?

Answer 23

Fetches instruction from RAM or Registers (initially fetched by Control Unit) then instructions are interpreted by Control Unit (decoded), and then transferred to the ALU for computation, then transferred to the accumulator, and thens end off to either the register to back to the RAM depending on what the instructions dictate. (This last step is determined by the control unit)

Question 24

What are the main parts of the CPU?

Answer 24

Control Unit
ALU
Registers

Question 25

What is the control unit?

Answer 25

Responsible for inputs and outputs of instructions

Question 26

What are registers?

Answer 26

Storage of commonly used instructions; very small memory (also called cache)

Question 27

What does the ALU do?

Answer 27

Controls computation and logic work within the CPU; math

Question 28

How is CPU clock speed measured?

Answer 28

Measured in Hertz: each tick in the clock cycle tells the system to move one step forward in the instruction pipeline

Question 29

How many clock cycles per second are in Megahertz?

Answer 29

1 million

Question 30

How many clock cycles per second are in Gigahertz?

Answer 30

1 billion

Question 31

What is parallelism?

Answer 31

Type of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously; large problems can be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved at the same time

Question 32

Put the following types of memory in order from fastest to slowest: mechanical hard drive, RAM, SSD, registers, level 1 cache, and level 2 cache.

Answer 32

``` Registers Level 1 cache Level 2 cache RAM SSD Hard drive ```

Question 33

Put the following types of memory in order from largest capacity to smallest capacity: mechanical hard drive, RAM, SSD, registers, level 1 cache, and level 2 cache.

Answer 33

``` Hard drive SSD RAM Level 2 cache Level 1 cache Registers ```

Question 34

What is a syntax error?

Answer 34

A violation of the strict, precise set of rules that define the language

Question 35

What kind of programs are useful for finding the syntax errors?

Answer 35

Can be found in programming language (such SQL) | Validator?

Question 36

What are the major categories of viruses and malware?

Answer 36

Boot sector viruses: execute when a computer boots up Logic bombs/time bombs: execute when certain condition or dates are reached Worms: spread on their own with no human interaction needed Script and macro viruses: spread as attachments to email, often using address books Encryption viruses: hold files "hostage" by encrypting them; ask for ransom to unlock them

Question 37

Main security threats and concepts covered in "Nova: Rise of the Hackers"

Answer 37

1. Stuxnet: overall largest hack that had multiple functions that wanted to prevent possible enemies from releasing deadly weapons 2. Classic Hack: when the digital device is taken over and the cracking of the set password is achieved 3. You don't have to do a classic hack where a physical break is required, there can be loopholes left open where encryption isn't even needed. 4. Social engineering all accounts: conning where the hacker make companies they are associated with that they provided information to think the attacker is a customer and gets basic info to build off of 5. RSA encryption explained with prime numbers 6. Quantum mechanics: a newer form of computation where smaller numbers are used. Billions of atoms are assessed. Smallest scales. No fixed location 7. Extreme quantum theory: using quantum cryptography can tell you when someone is on the network is listening in. Can alert someone susceptible of attack 8. A thumb drive can be a potential threat to your computer 9. Between the 3 players in the complex network (people, process, actions), people are the weak link

Question 38

Main algorithms and concepts covered in "The Secret Rules of Modern Living: Algorithms"?

Answer 38

1. Box around photo algorithm 2. Greatest common divisor (oldest problem) 3. Pagerank 4. Sorting algorithm: puts things in order (so you know order of messages you receive); merge sort is faster than bubble sort 5. Decision Tree Algorithm: "kinect skeletal tracking algorithm": used in the kinect XBOX hardware. Tracks movement pixel by pixel. Machine learning. Different poses learned by example. Also used by netflix

Question 39

What is Pagerank?

Answer 39

Google's famous algorithm, made them rise to fame; allowed searches to be based on rank of importance and factors in the most likely to be interested in. Ranks pages importance on many factors including the amount of link associated with it

Question 40

What are some limits to computation?

Answer 40

1. Well defined problems whose answers can never be computed 2. Problems that could theoretically be computed, but in a ridiculously long time 3. Could a computer ever think like a human?

Question 41

What is the difference between strong and weak Al?

Answer 41

Weak Al: ability to solves tasks in a specific problem domain that appears to need intelligence Strong Al: general intelligence at human level or greater

Question 42

What is Turing Test?

Answer 42

A test in which a computer becomes indistinguishable from a human being CAPTCHA: Completely automated public turing test to tell computers and humans apart

Question 43

What is the application of the Turing Test?

Answer 43

Used to prevent programs from automatically creating accounts on social media websites, email servers, etc. Humans can read this but most computer programs cannot; some Al can trick CAPTCHA