CSF And BBB

Question 1

List some functions of CSF

Answer 1

• protect cranial contents
• modulate pressure changes
• chemical buffer (homeostasis)
• transport

Question 2

List the 3 parts of the meninges

Answer 2

• pia matter
• arachnoid
• dura matter

Question 3

The dura covers what in the brain?

Answer 3

Cortex and cerebellum

Question 4

Which part of the meninges plays a role in clearing CSF?

Answer 4

Dura

Question 5

An accumulation of blood outside a vessel in an organ or tissue or body space is a:

Answer 5

Hematoma

Question 6

What are the 2 types of hematomas associated with the brain?

Answer 6

Epidural and Subdural

Question 7

A localized, homogenous bright signal hematoma associated with arterial blood where the blood is outside the dura is a ?

Answer 7

Epidural hematoma

Question 8

Describe a subdural hematoma

Answer 8

Associated with venous blood
Under dura
Widespread
Has dark spots in CT bc of blood cell degradation

Question 9

Which structure specifically produces the CSF?

Answer 9

Choroid plexus - ependymal cells

Question 10

Define CSF

Answer 10

Normally clear fluid in ventricles, central canal of spinal cord and subarachnoid space in brain/SC

Question 11

Describe rate of formation, flow, and absorption of CSF

Answer 11

It is sufficiently high to completely be replaced several times daily

Question 12

CSF circulation is due to:

Answer 12

• respiratory inspiration
• blood pulsation in choroid plexus
• ependymal cell pulsation

Question 13

What type of fibers can be found in the arachnoid?

Answer 13

Collagen and elastic

Question 14

Inside the arachnoid granulation, you can find ?

Answer 14

Arachnoid villi

Question 15

Absorption of CSF occurs through protusions in the _______________ into arachnoid granulations (venous sinuses)

Answer 15

arachnoid membrane

Question 16

Impaired CSF circulation or resoabsorption would lead to what condition?

Answer 16

Hydrocephalus

Question 17

What can be installed to treat Hydrocephalus that goes into the abdomen?

Answer 17

Shunts

Question 18

List 2 things that regulate the balance of CSF pressure

Answer 18

• absorption rate
• formation rate

Question 19

A subarachnoid hemorrhage (blocks absorption) will increase/decrease CSF pressure?

Answer 19

Increase

Question 20

The inflammation of meninges is called ___________

Answer 20

Meningitis

Question 21

Meningitis causes:

Answer 21

• viral
• bacterial
• parasitic
• fungal
• toxin exposure

Question 22

Define encephalitis

Answer 22

Brain inflammation

Question 23

What is the most common cause of neurological disease in dogs?

Answer 23

Encephalitis

Question 24

T/F there is epidural space in the skull

Answer 24

false

Question 25

What creates an epidural hematoma ?

Answer 25

False space in a trauma

Question 26

What separates the spinal cord dura from the periosteum lining the vertebral canal?

Answer 26

Vertebral column

Question 27

Where do you insert the needle for a lumbar tap/CSF collection and why?

Answer 27

At level of cauda equine to prevent spinal cord damage

Question 28

In small animals, describe where you can collect CSF from.

Answer 28

Atlantooccipital space (cerebellomedullary)

Question 29

CSF is composed of what ratio of glucose?

Answer 29

2/3

Question 30

List the 3 structures that make up the Blood brain barrier

Answer 30

- astrocytes - pericytes - endothelial cells

Question 31

In a brain capillary, _________ junctions aid to reduce pinocytosis.

Answer 31

Tight

Question 32

T/F brain capillaries have fenestrations

Answer 32

false

Question 33

What is present around a brain capillary that is unique to that?

Answer 33

Astrocyte foot processes and pericytes

Question 34

Which molecules cross the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 34

Lipid-soluble

Question 35

Which charged molecules cross more freely than the other ?

Answer 35

Negatively charged

Question 36

What can decrease the resistance of the Blood-brain barrier?

Answer 36

Injury or inflammation

Question 37

BBB leakage can be induced by:

Answer 37

- seizures - stroke - traumatic brain injury

Question 38

Which areas of the brain are not protected by the blood-brain barrier?

Answer 38

Circumventricular organs

Question 39

List circumventricular organs

Answer 39

- Neurohypophysis - pineal gland - area postrema -subfornical organ

Question 40

Describe the reason why some areas of the brain may not be protected by the BBB

Answer 40

To allow brain to monitor humoral signals

Question 41

Define edema

Answer 41

Swelling caused by fluid accumulation in body tissue

Question 42

List the 2 types of edema

Answer 42

- vasogenic - cytotoxic

Question 43

Which type of edema is characterized by an increase in ICP, brain volume, and interstitial volume?

Answer 43

Vasogenic

Question 44

Define cytotoxic edema

Answer 44

Intracellular swelling of neurons, glia, and endothelial cells