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FF3 Exam 1 > Neuronal Cell Physio/Pain > Flashcards

Neuronal Cell Physio/Pain Flashcards

(82 cards)

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1
Q

Where is Sodium in relation to the neuron?

A

Outside

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2
Q

Potassium is more on the __________ (inside/outside) of the neuron

A

Inside

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3
Q

The concentration force of potassium is _____________ (inward/outward)

A

Outward

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4
Q

The concentration force of both Na and Cl is ______________ (inward/outward)

A

inward

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5
Q

The Voltage force of Cl is _____________

A

Outward

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6
Q

Which ions have an inward voltage force ?

A

K and Na

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7
Q

List the steps of the Action Potential

A
  1. Stimulus overpasses threshold
  2. Depolarization
  3. Action potential
  4. Repolarization
  5. Hyperpolarization (RFP)
  6. Back to resting state
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8
Q

Describe Na ion movement during action potential

A

Sodium activation and depolarization is rapid

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9
Q

Describe K ion movement during action potential

A

Slow diffusion out of the cell

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10
Q

How does repolarization occur during an action potential?

A

By Na being inactivated and the slow diffusion out of the cell by K

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11
Q

Define a Neurotransmitter

A

Substance released synaptically by one neuron to an effector

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12
Q

What defines a neurotransmitter from a hormone

A

NT produce a localized effect as opposed to hormones producing systemic effects

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13
Q

Who termed the word synapse

A

Sir Charles Sherrington

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14
Q

Based on method of impulse conduction, list the 2 types of synapses

A
  1. Electrical
  2. Chemical
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15
Q

Define electrical synapse

A

Direct conduction through connexons; bidirectional

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16
Q

A unidirectional synapse where an unbridged junction is present and a chemical transmitter diffuses across a synaptic cleft between cells is:

A

Chemical synapse

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17
Q

What can be observed if looking through an electron microscope in a synapse?

A

Post synaptic density

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18
Q

What is the 1st step in NT release?

A

Action potential arrival opens voltage gated Ca2+ channels in Pre Synaptic terminal

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19
Q

In NT release, what activates docking proteins?

A

Calcium influx

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20
Q

What fuses to the pre synaptic membrane ?

A

Synaptic vessels

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21
Q

What occurs after the NT diffuses into the synaptic cleft?

A

Activates pre and post synaptic receptors

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22
Q

Describe how is NT action terminated

A
  • enzymes in the cleft
  • diffusion
  • reuptake
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23
Q

What transportation mechanism is used for NT release?

A

Exocytosis

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24
Q

Which CNS associated cell can also be activated in response to NT releases from pre synaptic terminal that lead to increased in CA ions?

A

Astrocyte receptors

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25
Give an example of a substance released by Astrocytes in response to a Calcium influx
ATP Proteins
26
Describe astrocyte-released ATP function in neuronal activity
Can be inhibitory or excitatory
27
Synapse formation can be controlled by?
Astrocyte-released proteins
28
Describe what can happen with astrocyte-released proteins
Regulate pre synaptic function Modulate post synaptic neuron response to NT
29
Based on conductance of postsynaptic membrane to selective ions, list the synapse classifications
Excitatory and inhibitory
30
An ___________ synapse is defined in an increase in post synaptic membrane conductance to sodium (depolarizes membrane)
Excitatory
31
Which ion conductance characterizes the inhibitory synapse, which in turn hyperpolarizes membrane?
Potassium/chloride
32
The main excitatory NT is _____________
Glutamate
33
What is EPSP?
Excitatory Post synaptic potential
34
What causes Ca2+ regulated release of a NT by synaptic vesicles?
Action potential
35
What happens after NT is released by synaptic vesicles in an EPSP?
Attachment of NT to post synaptic membrane receptors
36
What happens after ligand-gated Na channels open in an EPSP?
Cell becomes more positive because of the influx of Na
37
Describe what happens to the EPSP after the influx of Na?
Degrades with time and distance, moves toward axon hillock
38
If an EPSP reaches the axon hillock and is large enough to excede threshold?
Action potential is produced
39
Describe spatial summation of EPSP
Subliminal volleys from 2 adjacent afferents applied to same target neuron, closely spaced in time
40
2 well spaced subliminal volleys to same fiber is ______________ summation.
Temporal
41
Describe summation in relation to EPSP
Both temporal and spatial summation occur to produce depolarization
42
What is the main inhibitory NT?
GABA
43
What causes Ca2+ regulated release of inhibitory NT by synaptic vesicles?
Action potential
44
Which ligand-gated channel opens in the IPSP?
Cl-/K+
45
The K+ efflux/Cl- influx makes the cell more positive or negative?
Negative
46
List the 2 transmitter receptor types based on MoA
- ionotropic - metabotropic
47
Which NT release would likely cause an increase in firing?
Glutamate release
48
Ionotropic receptors are characterized by?
-Receptor site on membrane -induces opening of ionic gates through conformational changed in protein structure
49
Ionotropic action is __________ (rapid/slow)
Rapid
50
Acetylcholine at NMJ is an example of which transmitter receptor types?
Ionotropic
51
What was the 1st NT identified, which proved chemical neurotransmission?
Acetylcholine
52
Where is ACh synthesized ?
Cytoplasms of presynaptic terminal
53
The precursors to ACh are: _________ and ____________
Choline and Acetyl coenzyme A
54
Which enzyme is associated with ACh?
Choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)
55
ACh is stored in ________________ in presynaptic terminal
Synaptic vesicles
56
What causes vesicle fusion and NT release of ACh?
Ca influx after depolarization
57
Describe the relationship between NT release and Ca2+ influx
The amount of NT released is proportional ro the amount of Ca2+ influx
58
Acetylcholine esterase breaks down ACh into _________ and ________
Choline and acetate
59
Where is AChE located?
Synaptic cleft
60
What happens to choline ?
Taken back up into presynaptic terminal (active ATP process)
61
What happens to acetate ?
Diffuses away to be used in other metabolic roles
62
List where you can find ACh
- NMJ to skeletal muscles - ANS neurons (PSNS/SNS) to smooth muscle - CNS: cortical arousal vs sleep
63
The transmitter receptor characterized by G protein stimulation of metabolic changes in target cell and 2nd messenger activation is?
Metabotropic
64
Another name for metabotropic receptor is __________
G protein coupled receptor (GPCRs)
65
What are the targets of 1/3 - 1/2 of all drugs and why?
GPCRs because they detect NT and Hormones, odors, light, etc.
66
List some classes of transmitters
- acetylcholine - monoamines - AA - Neuropeptides - Gases - Lipids
67
Norepinephrine, Epinephrine, Dopamine (DA, Serotonin (5-HT) and HIstamine are what type of transmitters?
Monoamines
68
Dopaminergic is usually (inhibitory or excitatory)
Inhibitory
69
Which neurons secrete Dopamine?
Substantia nigra
70
What secretes Serotonin?
Brain stem neurons
71
What monoamines inhibits spinal cord pain pathways?
Serotonin (5-HT)
72
Glutamate and Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) are what type of monoamines?
Amino acids
73
Which monoamines cause prolonged actions like changes in receptor #s or ion channel closure?
Neuropeptides
74
Give an example of a Neuropeptide
Hypothalamic releasing hormone, Growth hormone, insulin
75
Some peptide transmitters can be:
CCK, Gastrin, galanin, oxytocin, somatostatin, vasopressin
76
Describe peptide characteristics
- can make neuron less responsive - responses have slower onset but longer duration - often co released with amine transmitter
77
Why is NO gas released in seconds to minutes?
Top change postsynaptic neuron metabolic function
78
Erectile dysfunction and vasodilation are associated with which gas?
NO
79
Lipids act on ______________ receptors to produce euphoria, hunger, etc
Endocannabinoid
80
IL and INF are __________
Immunotransmitters
81
Which immunotransmitter initiates fever in the HT?
Interleukins
82
Describe what do INF do
Make you feel bad when sick

FF3 Exam 1 (18 decks)

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