CSIM 1.12 Introduction to Immunology 1 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in CSIM 1.12 Introduction to Immunology 1 Deck (22)
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1
Q

What are the types of immunodeficiency?

A

Primary immunodeficiency
• Congenital
Secondary immunodeficiency
• Caused by disease, drugs, or otherwise environment

2
Q

What are the features of the innate immune response?

Which cell mediates this and how?

A

White blood cells, most importantly macrophages and neutrophils, detect a foreign object and release chemical messengers which cause:
• Increased blood flow (red, hot)
• Increased vascular permeability (swelling)
• Stimulation of local nerves (pain)

3
Q

Where are macrophages and what do they do?

A

They are stationed in tissue

They sense foreign antigens using receptors and perform phagocytosis

Present antigens

4
Q

What is the benefit of increasing vascular permeability in an immune inflammatory response?

A

To allow and recruit more white blood cells into the area

5
Q

Name the granulocytes and their activated functions

A

Neutrophils
• Phagocytosis and activation of antibacterial mechanisms (contain receptors)

Eosinophils
• Killing of antiBODY-coated parasites (e.g. worms and helminths)

Basophils
• Circulating counterpart of tissue mast cells

6
Q

Which receptors do eosinophils carry?

A

They carry receptors for IgE, and are involved in the destruction of IgE-coated parasites

7
Q

What adverse role do eosinophils have?

A

Contributes to the response to allergens

8
Q

Which cells are activated in immediate hypersensitivity, and which receptor is this mediated by?

A

Basophils

IgE receptors

9
Q

Which cells are specialised types of phagocytes known as ‘mononuclear phagocytes’? What are their activated functions?

Which receptor is expressed by these cells?

A

Dendritic cells
• Antigen uptake and presentation in peripheral sites

Myeloid receptor CD14
• Acts as a recognition molecule for a range of bacterial envelope molecules

10
Q

Which antigens/particles do dendritic cells take up?

A
  • Particulate antigens
    • Pieces of tissue
    • Senescent cells
    • Bacteria
11
Q

What are dendritic cells activated by?

A
  • CD14 activation

* Cytokines from T-cells

12
Q

What is the main role of dendritic cells when not perpetuating an immune response

A

‘Clean up’ cells scavenging cell debris and senescent cells

13
Q

Where do dendritic cells come from?

A

Lymphoid AND myeloid progenitor calls of the bone marrow

14
Q

Which types of dendritic cells are the most efficient at presenting antigens to T-cells?

A

Langerhans cells

Tissue dendritic cells

15
Q

What are the main three types of lymphocytes?

A
  • B cells
    • T cells
    • Natural killer cells
16
Q

Compare and contrast B and T lymphocytes in terms of cell origins and cell products

A

ORIGINS (this is where the B and T come from)
• B cells - arise in bone marrow
• T cells - arise in bone marrow but must mature in thymus

PRODUCTS
• B cells - produce antibodies and some cytokines
• T cells - produce cytokines (not antibodies)

17
Q

Natural killer cells are formed where?

A

The bone marrow

18
Q

What is meant by the ‘innate’ and ‘adaptive’ immunity

A

Innate Immunity:

As soon as something enters the immune system attacks by identifying foreign antigens

Adaptive Immunity:

Adaptive immunity refers to antigen-specific immune response. The antigen first must be processed. Once an antigen is recognised, immune cells specifically designed to attack that antigen proliferate. Adaptive immunity also includes “memory” making future responses more efficient.

19
Q

What do natural killers do?

A

Part of the innate immune response which are cytotoxic, produce cytokine and express immunoglobulin receptors

20
Q

Where are natural killer cells found?

A
  • Spleen
    • Lymph nodes
    • Bone marrow
21
Q

What are complement proteins?

A
A series of proteins which:
  •  Activate inflammation
  •  Recruit phagocytes
  •  Pathogen opsonisation
  •  Lysis of pathogens (MAC)
22
Q

What are cytokines

A

Proteins produced by cells which induce a response by binding to cell receptors, can be AUTOcrine and paracrine