culture and identity

Question 1

culture:redfield

Answer 1

folk culture as traditional/pre-industrial.

Question 2

culture:strinati

Answer 2

mass culture=industrial,standardised,passive.

Question 3

culture:bourdieu

Answer 3

a divide is kept between high and low culture to keep the elite and the working class seperate

Question 4

culture:haralambos and holborn

Answer 4

high culture is the culture of the elite

Question 5

culture:stuart hall

Answer 5

mass culture should be called popular culture because it has been actively chosen

Question 6

culture:storey

Answer 6

division between high/low culture is decreasing

Question 7

culture:giddens

Answer 7

local cultures becoming more global(global culture)

Question 8

culture:klein

Answer 8

globalisation is leading to cultural homogeneity

Question 8

culture:sklair

Answer 8

TNCSs make cultural products which are becoming global

Question 9

culture:durkheim(functionalism)

Answer 9

culture acts as social glue

Question 10

culture:frankfurt school(neo-marxism)

Answer 10

culture=commodity fetishism,false needs and promotes capatalism

Question 11

culture:McRobbie/Ferguson(feminism)

Answer 11

culture promotes the patriarchy

Question 12

socialisation:functionalist explanations

Answer 12

Parsons(family),durkheim(education), wright(media)

Question 13

socialisation:marxist explanations

Answer 13

zaretsky(family),Bowles and Gintis(education),marx(employment),Frankfurt school(media).

Question 14

socialisation:feminist explanations

Answer 14

oakley(family),liberal feminism(employment),radical feminism(education),mulvey/butler(media)

Question 15

socialisation:garfinkel

Answer 15

critique of structural approaches to socialisations-suggests people are too passive

Question 16

socialisation:goffman(interpretivist)

Answer 16

Dramaturgical theory-front stage/back stage/impression management.

Question 17

socialisation:cooley(interpretivist)

Answer 17

the looking glass self

Question 18

socialisation:becker(interpretivist)

Answer 18

labelling/self-fulfilling phrophecies

Question 18

socialisation:bauman and may(postmodernist)

Answer 18

pick and mix identities

Question 19

social class:scott

Answer 19

characteristics of traditional upper class(high culture,social closure,private education)

Question 20

social class:costa and belk

Answer 20

nouveau riche-celebrities/entrepeneurs/conspicous consumption

Question 21

social class:lawler

Answer 21

middle class charactersistics(value education,future orientated,cultural capital)

Question 22

social class:sugarman

Answer 22

traditional working class(present time orientation,instant gratification,fatalism)

Question 23

social class:lockwood

Answer 23

new working class(popular culture,instrumental approach to work,individual)

Question 24

social class:murray

Answer 24

underclass-values are what keep people poor

Question 25

social class:jones

Answer 25

working/underclass are demonised due to associated characteristics.

Question 26

social class:bradley/pakulski and waters

Answer 26

social class is becoming less important due to consumption

Question 27

gender:parsons

Answer 27

biological determinism(female expressive,male instrumental/logical)

Question 27

gender:oakley

Answer 27

socialisation through verbal appellations,manipulations,canalisation,activities.

Question 28

gender:wolf

Answer 28

the beauty myth

Question 29

gender:sue sharpe (changing femininity)

Answer 29

changing female values(70s vs 90s)

Question 30

gender:Webb at al(changing femininity)

Answer 30

feminisation of the workforce

Question 31

gender:gershuny(changing masculinity)

Answer 31

the "new man"-males more domestic

Question 32

gender:wilkinson(changing masculinity)

Answer 32

male and female values have merged

Question 33

sexuality:weeks(stigmatised sexuality)

Answer 33

acceptability of sexuality is socially constructed

Question 34

sexuality:male gaze (feminism)and murray(stigmatised sexuality)

Answer 34

sexuality(female sexuality and LGBTQ) are seen as a threat to social order

Question 35

sexuality:postmodernism(stigmatised sexuality)

Answer 35

people can choose how to perform their sexualities in a wider range of ways

Question 35

sexuality:representation examples

Answer 35

greater representation of sexuality in the media

Question 36

age:biggs(stigmatised old age)

Answer 36

elders usually presented as difficult/grumpy

Question 37

age:philipson(stigmatised old age)

Answer 37

the elderly are looked down on because they do not contribute to the economy

Question 38

age:laslett(changing old age)

Answer 38

retirement is a "third age" with new opportunities

Question 38

age:featherstone and hepworth (changing old age)

Answer 38

its now easier for retirees to engage in more youthful culture

Question 39

age:blackman(youth subcultures)

Answer 39

new wave girls(1990s) rejecting femininity

Question 40

age:willis (youth subcultures)

Answer 40

working class lads-resisting middle class education system

Question 41

age:hebdige(youth subcultures)

Answer 41

punks-bricolage-resisting capatalism

Question 42

age:parsons/eisenstadt(youth)

Answer 42

youth cultures as a transitional stage between youth and adulthood

Question 43

disability:shakespeare

Answer 43

disability is a social construct labelling individuals to prevent integration with society

Question 43

disability:scott

Answer 43

labelling resulting in learned helplessness

Question 44

disability:representation in the media

Answer 44

paralympics and increased positive representation around disability as an identity

Question 44

ethnicity:gilroy(stigmatised ethnicities)

Answer 44

African-Caribbean identities and the Windrush Generation as stigmatised in society

Question 45

ethnicity:jackson(religion)

Answer 45

British Muslims-religion is important in shaping ethnic identities

Question 46

ethnicity:Francis and Archer (family)

Answer 46

families socialise home culture which shapes ethnic identities

Question 47

ethnicity:Stuart Hall(Hybrid identities)

Answer 47

ethnic identities are merging to create hybrid identities(British Muslim,Black British etc)

Question 48

ethnicity:Basit/Johal(negotiated identity)

Answer 48

negotiated identities in the home/public

Question 49

ethnicity:DuBois(negotiated identities)

Answer 49

double consciousness

Question 50

nationality:Durkheim

Answer 50

national identity is important for social solidarity

Question 50

nationality:Stuart Hall

Answer 50

family/peers pass on national stories to promote national identity

Question 51

nationality:Schudson

Answer 51

education provides national identity through the formal curriculum (british values/culture) and hidden curriculum(celebrating national events)

Question 52

nationality:media broadcasting

Answer 52

media broadcasts national events(queens speech,royal weddings,and team GB events)

Question 53

production:Parker(for)

Answer 53

opposition,neutrality,and extension patterns of work

Question 54

production:Gini (for)

Answer 54

people define themselves by their work

Question 55

production:Willis(against)

Answer 55

work is less fulfilling,people use leisure to construct their identity

Question 56

production:deem(against)

Answer 56

focusing just on paid work ignores the domestic labour done by women

Question 57

production:lury(for)

Answer 57

shopping as a leisure pursuit/identity formation

Question 58

production:Bauman and May(for)

Answer 58

postmodern-pick and mix identitites

Question 59

production:Bauman(against)

Answer 59

repressed consumers have less choice

Question 60

production:Clarke and Clitcher(against)

Answer 60

not truly choosing identity as choosing from a menu given by the powerful/corporations