Culture and Stigma Flashcards
(23 cards)
What advancements did Hippocrates make in psychopathology? Why was he lowkey braindead?
He suggested that mental illness was due to biological and environmental factors rather than supernatural. However he hated women and said that pregnancy would cure their mental illness because they had a wandering womb that didn’t know what to do when it didn’t have a baby in it LMAO
What is bad about psychopathology in current day contexts?
Tiktokification - the DSM-5 is readily available to unqualified people are trying to diagnose themselves. An increased use of umbrella terms has lead to diagnoses and over-treatment of benign experiences which marginalises the severe.
How was Hysteria seen in Hippocrates’ time?
It was a female-only condition that was used as a tool to pathologise women who were defying male authority.
Why was homosexuality viewed as a disorder?
It was seen as a sin religiously and people thought it was against Darwinism.
How did homosexuality get removed from the DSM? (4 Steps)
- Freud was the first to say it should not be classified as an illness (MY GOAT)
- Alfred Kinsey’s “Kinsey Reports” showed that a lot more people were homosexual than was thought
AND
Evelyn Hooker demonstrated no association between homosexuality and psychological maladjustment - Activism with Stonewall Riots and 1972 APA Press Conference
- Homosexuality removed from the DSM 1973
What are culturally-bound syndromes?
A cluser of similar symptoms found in a specific cultural group
What are the 3 culturally-bound syndromes I should know about?
- Longing for country
- Aboriginal People missing their land - Ataque de nervios
- Intense emotional upset - Khyal cap
- Similar to a panic disorder
What are cultural idioms of distress? Give an example.
The different ways different cultures talk about mental illnesses. E.g. Kufungisisa (Zimbabwe culture “think too much”)
What are cultural explanations? Give an example.
Different aetiologies certain cultures have about curing mental illness. E.g. Maladi moun (sent sickness)
How do symptoms vary across cultures objectively?
Visual hallucinations are more common in developed cultures, and are more likely to be paranoid in nature.
Explain the Mental Illness Stigma Framework (Fox et al., 2017)
PERSPECTIVE OF STIGMATISER: Stereotypes, Prejudice, Discrimination -> Social exclusion/Endorsement of discrimination
PERSPECTIVES OF STIGMATISED:
Internalised, anticipated, experienced stigma -> Reduced help-seeking, worse mental health bad stuff
What are the 4 types of stigma?
Self-stigma, stigma by association, public stigma, structural discrimination
What are the 3 types of public stigma?
Misinformation, prejudice, discrimination (or knowledge, attitudes, behaviour)
What is the cognitive pathway of the stigmatiser?
Signal -> Stereotype -> Prejudical Emotion -> Discriminatory Behaviour
What is the cognitive pathway of self-stigma? What is Corrigan’s Paradox?
Awareness -> Agreement -> Application to self -> Damage to self
Corrigan’s paradox is that the stigmatised person can react in this way, but can also be indifferent of even protest
What is the National Stigma Report Card?
It did the “our turn to speak” survey which found that people were most impacted by stigma/discrimination by close friends and family
How does Stigma by association manifest?
People blame the associated, feel anger towards them and therefore avoid them.
1. BLAME 2. ANGER 3. AVOID
How does stigma affect carers and family members?
1 in 3 family members report stigma by association.
Blame, contamination, labelling, burden, incompetence, concealment, anti-mattering, withdrawal of support, internalisation.
BWIBLACC
What works to reduce stigma?
Positive contact, psychoeducation (with sophistication), coping skills, coming out, community connection. PPCCC
Cognitive, acceptance, narrative enhancement, self-compassion based approaches. CANS
Why is sophistication important for psychoeducation?
Purely biological approaches reduce blame but make mental disorder seem out of people’s control and untreatable which can worsen stigma
How does culture impact stigma reduction?
Individualist cultures are better at having their stigma reduced than collectivist cultures
What is the WHO Mosaic Toolkit?
Easily actionable strategies to reduce stigma! For organisations, government, and individuals - active ingredients for social contact.
What are the 7 culturally-bound syndromes of Aboriginal Australians? What do they mean?
- Being sung/singing OR Pointing the bone/being cursed = guilt
- Longing for country
- Wrong Way = Bad relationships
- Sorry TIme = Mourning
- Sorry Grief = Pathological grief/hysteria
- Sorry Cuts = Self-harm
- Visits = Psychosis
