CV Development: Congenital Heart Dis. Flashcards
(39 cards)
Where are the cardiac precursor cells on the embryonic disc?
In the “cardiac crescent”
5 major processes that occur in cardiovascular morphogenesis?
Myocardial specification and formation of linear heart tube. Looping. Septation. Patterning of great vessels. Circulatory changes at birth.
What connects the linear heart tube to the aorta /other vessels?
The dorsal mesocardium.
Does the early heart make some of its own blood?
We think so.
Are heart chambers pre-specified in the linear heart tube?
Yes, to some extent. (but there’s also the secondary heart field)
Where is the “second heart field”?
The second heart field progenitor cells come from the pharynx. (worms have rhythmically contracting guts)
What does looping refer to?
the atria start at the bottom, and loop up to the top.
What’s the bulbus cordis?
The region made of the conus cordis (outflow tract) and truncus arteriosis (PA and aorta)
How does the AV canal form?
It’s a section of the tube that doesn’t grow… so constricted by comparison.
This also forms the endocardial cushions…
What’s the first part of atrial septation?
The septum primum forms on the dorsal wall and grows toward the endocardial cushions.
Does the septum primum entirely separate the LA and RA?
Nope, it leaves the ostium primum near the endocardial cushions.
What happens next when there’s a septum primum with ostium primum?
Holes form in the dorsal aspect of the septum primum, forming the ostium secundum.
Then the septum secundum passively covers the RA side of the septum primum, covering the ostium secundum in a flap-like fashion.
(the ostium primum fuses shut at some point)
Is the foramen ovale the same thing as the ostium secundum?
Sort of. The foramen ovale is a combination of the ostium secundum and a hole in the septum secundum that allows blood to flow from the RA to LA.
What’s the most common atrial septal defect (ASD)?
Persistence of the ostium secundum and/or incomplete formation of the septum secundum.
Patent foramen ovale is a subset of ostium secundum ASD.
What often happens in ostium primum ASD?
There’s often a slit-like defect in the anterior leaflet of the mitral valve.
What happens in sinus venosus AV defects?
Defect in formation of septum primum.
Often causes defect in a pulmonary vein such that it comes back to the RA.
What’s a homeobox (hox) gene that seems to be particularly significant for causing congenital heart defects in humans?
Nkx2.5
Why does ASD cause heart block?
People used to think it was due to the holes interfering with conduction…
but really it’s more about the impaired development of the specialize conduction cells.
(which can be caused by Nkx2.5 mutations)
What are there, before there are great vessels?
5 pairs of symmetric aortic arches.
Which aortic arch becomes the aorta?
The left 4th aortic arch.
What cells give rise to the aortic arches?
Migrating neural crest cells.
What if both left and right 4th aortic arches degenerate?
It’s a problem….
3 organs affected by DeGeorge syndrome?
What, broadly, is the underlying cause?
(What, specifically, is the chromosomal abnormality?)
Heart (congen. defects), parathyroid, and thymus.
Neural crest cells don’t function properly.
Deletions on 22q11 cause DeGeorge.
What seems to be the most important gene of 22q11 affected in DeGeorge syndrome?
TBX1
