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Surgery EOR > CV/Hematology > Flashcards

CV/Hematology Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

retrosternal pressure >30 min NOT relieved with rest or nitroglycerin

A

unstable angina

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2
Q

no EKG changes

(-) cardiac enzymes

A

unstable angina

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3
Q

treatment for UA/NSTEMI

A

MONA
BB
+/- heparin
NO thrombolytics

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4
Q

S1 heart sound

A

AV valve closure (mitral and tricuspid)

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5
Q

S2 heart sound

A

semilunar valve closure (aortic and pulmonic)

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6
Q

systolic ejection crescendo, decrescendo murmur heard best @ RUSB
radiates to carotids

A

aortic stenosis

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7
Q

diastolic decrescendo blowing murmur @ LUSB

wide pulse pressure

A

aortic regurgitation

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8
Q

what medication is used to help treat symptoms of regurgitation murmurs and why?

A

ACE-I

vasodilators

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9
Q

diastolic rumble with opening snap @ apex

A

mitral stenosis

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10
Q

holosystolic murmur @ apex

radiates to axilla

A

mitral regurgitation

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11
Q

intermittent claudication often relieved with rest

A

peripheral arterial disease

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12
Q

diagnosis of PAD

A

ABI = 0.9

arteriography (if revascularization planned)

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13
Q

symptoms of PAD

A

dependent rubor, cyanotic leg elevation
decreased/absent pulses
atrophic skin changes without edema
lateral malleolar ulcers

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14
Q

acute arterial embolism

A 
pain
pallor
pulselessness
paresthesia
paralysis
poikilothermic
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15
Q

treatment of PAD

A

cilostazol, ASA, plavix
eliminate risk factors (HTN, DM, lipids)
revascularize (PCI)

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16
Q

MC cause of arterial ulcers

A

PAD

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17
Q

risks of venous ulcers

A

varicose veins
DVT
obesity, pregnancy, malnutrition, immobile

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18
Q

risks of arterial ulcers

A

PAD
uncontrolled DM
renal dz

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19
Q

features of arterial ulcers

A

pain improves with lowering the leg below the heart
loss of hair
minimal drainage
skin pale, shiny, taut

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20
Q

features of venous ulcers

A

pain related to edema, phlebitis –> improves with elevation
heavy drainage
superficial/shallow
more MEDIAL foot

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21
Q

dilated tortuous superficial veins secondary to defective valve structure and function

A

varicose veins

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22
Q

treatment for varicose veins

A 
conservative = leg elevation and compression stockings
cosmetic = sclerotherapy, laser ablation
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23
Q

virchow’s triad

A

intimal damage
stasis
hyper coagulability

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24
Q

test of choice for AAA

A

abd US

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25
test of choice for thoracic AAA
CT
26
treatment for AAA
surgical if >5.5cm or >0/5cm growth in 6mo | BB (decreases shearing forces)
27
biggest risk for aortic dissection
HTN
28
diagnosis of aortic dissection
CXR | *CT with contrast
29
increased Hct in absence of hypoxia
polycythemia vera
30
polycythemia vera symptoms
``` h/a, tinnitus fatigue pruritis epistaxis splenomegaly (PE) ``` DUE TO HYPER-VISCOSITY
31
MC inherited cause of hypercoagulability
factor V leiden mutation
32
what is factor V leiden?
mutated factor V resistant to breakdown by activated protein C
33
role of Protein C
inactivates factor V and VIII
34
increase in serum methylmalonic acid AND homocysteine
vitamin B12 deficiency
35
what is pernicious anemia
MC type of B12 deficiency | autoimmune against parietal cells (decreased IF)
36
MC anemia worldwide
iron deficiency
37
first diagnostic sign of iron deficiency
decreased ferritin
38
diagnosis of thalassemias
Hgb electrophoresis
39
may progress to marrow failure or leukemia
sideroblastic anemia
40
sxs of anemia + jaundice
hemolytic anemia
41
low serum haptoglobin
intravascular hemolytic anemia
42
types of intravascular hemolytic anemia
microangiopathic (TTP, HUS) G6PD deficiency paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria
43
Heinz bodies
G6PD deficiency anemia
44
+ osmotic fragility test | - Coombs
hereditary spherocytosis
45
types of extravascular hemolytic anemia
``` hereditary spherocytosis sickle cell anemia autoimmune incompatible blood transfusion drug-induced ```
46
vaso-occlusive ischemic tissue injury (PAIN) osteonecrosis of femoral and humeral heads splenic infarcts (functional asplenia)
sickle cell anemia
47
Howell-Jolly bodies
asplenia (ie. sickle cell anemia)
48
diagnosis of sickle cell anemia
Hgb electrophoresis = HbS
49
+ Coombs test
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
50
hallmark of aplastic anemia
pancytopenia
51
hallmark of lead poisoning anemia
basophilic stiplling on peripheral smear
52
pentad for TTP
``` thrombocytopenia microangiopathic hemolytic anemia kidney failure/uremia neuro sxs (h/a, AMS) fever ```
53
antibodies against ADAMTS13
autoimmune TTP
54
what is ADAMTS13
vWF cleaving protein
55
diagnosis of TTP/HUS
``` normal coags (PT and PTT - no issue with clotting factors) thrombocytopenia hemolytic anemia (increased reticulocytes, decreased haptoglobin) ```
56
treatment for TTP
plasmapheresis | steroids
57
triad for HUS
thrombocytopenia microangiopathic hemolytic anemia kidney failure/uremia
58
is kidney failure/uremia MC in TTP or HUS?
HUS
59
MC etiology of HUS
kids after enterohemorrhagic E. coli
60
pathophys of HUS
platelet activation by exotoxins
61
what is heparin-induced thrombocytopenic thrombosis (HITT)
heparin-induced platelet antibodies causes platelets to thrombose vessels
62
reversal of heparin
protamine sulfate
63
reversal of warfarin
FFP | vitamin K
64
vitamin K dependent factors
II, VII, IX, X
65
PT measures ?
VII (extrinsic pathway)
66
PTT measures ?
VIII and IX (intrinsic pathway)
67
what does warfarin inhibit?
vitamin K dependent factors
68
what test is used to watch warfarin?
PT/INR

Surgery EOR (5 decks)

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