CV I

Question 1

Outline the blood vessel names from heart back to heart

Answer 1

heart .. artery .. arteriole .. capillary .. venule .. vein .. heart

Question 2

outline the layers of a blood vessel starting at the lumen

Answer 2

tunica intima (endothelial cells) .. internal elastic lamina .. tunica media .. external elastic lamina .. tunica adventitia

not all blood vessels have all these stxs

Question 3

tunica intima is composed of two things for veins and three for arteries/arterioles. what are they

Answer 3

endothelium
loose CT
internal elastic membrane (artery)

Question 4

tunica media is composed of circullary arranged smooth muscle cells, what is it’s function?

Answer 4

controls lumen diameter thus controlling blood pressure

Question 5

_____ ______ are fenestrated sheets that can be interspersed in tunica media and

Answer 5

elastic laminae

Question 6

what is tunica adventitia/externa composed of? (3)

Answer 6

loose CT
vaso vasorum in large vessels
fine autonomic nerves

Question 7

arteries: what makes internal elastic membrane and what is it’s composition?

Answer 7

smooth muscle cells

perforated membranous elastin

Question 8

how many layers of smooth muscle must there be for a vessel to be an artery

Answer 8

5

Question 9

what type of connective tissue is in arteriole tunica media?

Answer 9

collagen III

elastic membranes

Question 10

what are the two types of arteries?

Answer 10

elastic arteries

muscle arteries

Question 11

what is the function of elastic arteries

Answer 11

protect smaller vessels and give continuous flow

Question 12

what is abundant in elastic arteries?

Answer 12

elastic laminae in tunica media

Question 13

what is the main function of smooth muscle in elastic arteries?

Answer 13

synthesize elastin

Question 14

how is tunica media arranged in muscular arteries and does it have elastic membrane?

Answer 14

spirally

has an internal and an external elastic membrane

Question 15

what is the function of muscular arteries

Answer 15

smooth muscle contraction regulates diameter and controls blood pressure and blood distribution

Question 16

how many layers of smooth muscle are in arterioles

Answer 16

1-4

Question 17

do arterioles have elastic membrane?

Answer 17

no external

sometimes internal

Question 18

what is the function of arterioles?

Answer 18

control blood flow to capillary beds via smooth muscle precapillary sphincters

principle source of peripheral resistance

Question 19

what happens at capillaries?

Answer 19

exchange of substances between blood and ECM

Question 20

capillary structure?

Answer 20

one layer - tunica intima

endothelium and basement membrane

Question 21

what are the three types of blood capillaries?

Answer 21

continuous
fenestrated
discontinuous

Question 22

structure of continuous capillaries?

Answer 22

tight junctions between endothelial cells

Question 23

where are continuous capillaries found?

Answer 23

blood/brain barrier
muscle (maintain electrolyte balance)
skin (pathogens)

Question 24

structure of fenestrated capillaries

Answer 24

tight junctions but holes in basal and luminal plasmalemmas join

holes can have diaphragm

Question 25

where are fenestrated capillaries found?

Answer 25

``` intestinal villi kidneys choroid plexus liver endocrine glands ```

Question 26

discontinuous capillaries are called what in liver, spleen, and bone marrow?

Answer 26

sinusoids

Question 27

structure of discontinuous capillaries

Answer 27

lack junctional complexes and basement membranes often thicker and twisted to slow blood flow for Ag removal big enough gaps for RBC to leave circulation

Question 28

what is the function of lympathic capillaries?

Answer 28

return lymphocytes and protein to blood after filtering Ag at lymph nodes

Question 29

structure of lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 29

similar to discontinuous blood capillaries | valves prevent backflow

Question 30

organization of lymphatic capillaries?

Answer 30

intermingled with blood capillaries combine to form large lymph vessel that drain into lymphatic duct and thoracic duct that return fluid to blood

Question 31

how do you distinguish between venule and capillary?

Answer 31

diameter of venule > 10 micrometers (RBC = 8)

Question 32

structure of venules

Answer 32

single cell layer

Question 33

how does structure of venule change as diameter increases

Answer 33

smooth muscle, fibroblasts begin to appear outside endothelium

Question 34

structure of veins

Answer 34

``` three layers (tunica intima, media, adventitia) valves keep blood moving back to heart ```

Question 35

do veins have internal elastic membrane?

Answer 35

NO

Question 36

how many layers of smooth muscle in veins?

Answer 36

1-2

Question 37

what helps propel blood flow in veins?

Answer 37

skeletal muscle contraction

Question 38

what is arteriovenous anastomoses (AV shunt)

Answer 38

links arteries to veins or arterioles to venules bypasses capillaries

Question 39

what is the purpose of AV shunts

Answer 39

regulate surface temperature at soles, palms, fingertips, nose, lips, erectile tissue

Question 40

when AV shunt is close, what is consequence

Answer 40

inc. heat loss, blood goes to capillary bed

Question 41

when AV shunt is open, what is consequence

Answer 41

decrease heat loss, blood doesn't go to capillary bed

Question 42

compare and contrast size, structure of veins and arteries

Answer 42

lumen of vein larger than accompanying artery internal elastic lamina in arterial vessels tunica media thickest layer in arteries, tunica adventitia thickest layer in veins only veins have valves

Question 43

what are five mechanisms of transport across endothelial cells?

Answer 43

``` diffusion pinocytosis, transcytosis fenestrae paracellular pathway endothelial discontinuities ```

Question 44

what compound increases leakiness of junctional complex?

Answer 44

histamine

Question 45

what is angiogenesis

Answer 45

development of new blood vessel from existing vessel

Question 46

what do new blood vessels emerge as and what are they made from?

Answer 46

capillaries from small venules or other capillaries

Question 47

what are the five steps in angiogenesis

Answer 47

1. endothelial cells enzymatically dissolve basal lamina 2. cell migration toward growth factors, leading to edge ruffles, contact maintained w/ cells behind 3. migration and alignment of endothelial cells to form solid sprout 4. endothelial cells proliferate and sprout forms lumen 5. cells make contact w/ another angiogenic sprout or existing vessel

Question 48

what is collateral circulation?

Answer 48

more than one way to deliver blood to some part of the body

Question 49

how is angiogenesis related to collateral circulation?

Answer 49

angiogenesis allows for collateral circulation

Question 50

what are two main arterial diseases?

Answer 50

hypertension | atherosclerosis

Question 51

what is the main contributor to hypertension?

Answer 51

peripheral resistance dictated by tunica media tone of arterioloes

Question 52

how does atherosclerosis happen in general

Answer 52

endothelial damage leads to thickening of the tunica intima and obstruction of lumen

Question 53

what three events lead to tunica intima thickening in atherosclerosis

Answer 53

1. monocytes and LDL enter tunica intima 2. smooth muscle may migrate to intima 3. cytokines and growth factors stimulate smooth muscle and macrophage proliferation

Question 54

what three problems occur in athersclerosis?

Answer 54

1. clot develops within plaque, rapid proliferation, obstruction 2. necrotic plaqu embolizes causing obstruction at another site 3. wall becomes weaker, forming aneurysm, then rupture