CV Pathophysiology 1

Question 1

what are the predisposing factors of CV disease?

Answer 1

physcial inactivity, tobacco use and unhealthy diet

Question 2

what things effect cardiac pumping ability?

Answer 2

pacemaking electrical signal, force of contraction

Question 3

what things can go wrong with cardiac pumping ability?

Answer 3

heart failures, heart attacks, angina and arrhythmia’s

Question 4

what things effect integrity of vasculature?

Answer 4

heamorrhages and aneurysms

Question 5

what things can go wrong in blood function?

Answer 5

thrombosis and embolisms

Question 6

what disease effects all aspects of the circulatory system?

Answer 6

hypertension

Question 7

what is the innermost layer of blood vessels?

Answer 7

tunica intima

Question 8

what is the middle layer of blood vessels?

Answer 8

tunica media

Question 9

what is the outermost layer of the blood vessels?

Answer 9

tunica externa

Question 10

what is the composition of the tunica intima?

Answer 10

endothelium, basement membrane and internal elastic lamina

Question 11

what is the structure of the tunica media?

Answer 11

elastic fibres and smooth muscle to allow for stretching and contracting

Question 12

what is the composition of muscular arteries?

Answer 12

larger amounts of smooth muscle cells in the tunica media

Question 13

what is the composition of veins?

Answer 13

elastic fibres and collagen in the tunica media

Question 14

what does the tunica externa consist of?

Answer 14

outermost layer of elastic tissue and collagen

Question 15

what is the lumen like in an artery?

Answer 15

narrow

Question 16

what is the structure of capillaries?

Answer 16

one layer in cell wall, high gas exchange, very fragile and fine

Question 17

what are the predisposing factors of cardiac failure?

Answer 17

hypertension or atherosclerosis

Question 18

what happens to an artery when atherosclerosis occurs?

Answer 18

loss of elasticity, hardening and thickening of walls and narrowing of lumen

Question 19

what are the non-modifiable factors?

Answer 19

age, gender, genetics

Question 20

what are the modifiable factors?

Answer 20

hyperlipidaemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, infections

Question 21

how does the process of atherosclerosis occur?

Answer 21

damage to endothelium causing change in vessel permeability, migration of smooth muscle cells causes an accumulation of lipids causing formation of a mature plaque

Question 22

what issues can atherosclerosis cause?

Answer 22

formation of aneurysms, thrombosis or embolisms, angina, heart attacks

Question 23

what is a TIA?

Answer 23

transient ischaemic attack and a cerebral vascular accident

Question 24

how is atherosclerosis treated?

Answer 24

statins, angioplasty, stents

Question 25

what is secondary hypertension?

Answer 25

increased blood pressure due to another disease such as kidney disease causing increased volume, adrenal gland tumours causing BP to increase

Question 26

what is an abnormally high blood pressure?

Answer 26

140mmHg over 90mmHg

Question 27

what is the BP equation?

Answer 27

BP = CO x TPR

Question 28

how is blood pressure controlled?

Answer 28

kidneys control fluid levels, effectiveness of the heart, contraction/relaxation of blood vessels, distribution of blood in the body

Question 29

what are the risk factors of hypertension?

Answer 29

high sodium levels, alcohol intake and stress