Pain 2

Question 1

what is cutaneous pain?

Answer 1

pain in skin and superficial tissues that is well defined

Question 2

what is somatic pain?

Answer 2

injury to ligaments, tendons, bones or blood vessels that is poorly localised

Question 3

what is visceral pain?

Answer 3

from organs or body cavities that is very difficult to localise

Question 4

what is referred pain?

Answer 4

pain in unaffected area of the body

Question 5

how is referred pain caused?

Answer 5

convergence of visceral and somatic pain receptors converging on the same spinal cord nociceptor

Question 6

what is a tension type headache?

Answer 6

pain radiating from neck, back, eyes etc which may be caused due to tension

Question 7

what is a thunderclap headache?

Answer 7

most severe, sudden onset and may be caused by an underlying issue

Question 8

what is a cluster headache?

Answer 8

attacks in clusters, potentially over long period, not life threatening

Question 9

what is a hypnic headache?

Answer 9

occurs in elderly, at night and lasts up to 1 hour

Question 10

what is a cold stimulus headache?

Answer 10

ingestion of cold food or drink, subsides spontaneously

Question 11

what are the underlying issues that may cause thunderclap headaches?

Answer 11

hypertension, glaucoma, eye strain, fever, infections, tumours, head trauma

Question 12

how can pain be quantified?

Answer 12

1-10 scale, validated questionnaires, physical symptoms

Question 13

what are physical symptoms of pain?

Answer 13

pallor, sweating, tachycardia, vomiting, fainiting, restless

Question 14

what are the features of pain over minutes or hours?

Answer 14

inflammation, hyperalgesia and allodynia

Question 15

what are the features of pain over hours/weeks/months?

Answer 15

hyperalgesia/allodynia stops, tissue repairing occurs

Question 16

what is hyperalgesia?

Answer 16

elevated pain response to stimuli that is usually less painful

Question 17

what is allodynia?

Answer 17

tenderness in an area where even an innocuous sensation causes pain

Question 18

what are the features of chronic pain?

Answer 18

no biologic cause, persists beyond course of illness, can occur at intervals

Question 19

what is acute pain?

Answer 19

pain from tissue damage, infection or inflammation

Question 20

what is nociceptive pain?

Answer 20

involving nociceptive receptors

Question 21

what is neuropathic pain?

Answer 21

involving damage to neurones and no stimulus

Question 22

what kind of diseases are related to neuropathic pain?

Answer 22

carpal tunnel or spinal cord injuries

Question 23

how is activation of pain inflammation started?

Answer 23

inflammation causing release of pain mediators that cause stimulation of nerves

Question 24

what are examples of pain mediators? how do they work?

Answer 24

bradykinin, prostaglandins, serotonin or histamine. sensitise nerve endings to less intense stimuli

Question 25

what is peripheral sensation?

Answer 25

damage to the neurones causing spontaneous actiion potentials

Question 26

how does peripheral sensitisation cause stimulation of further neurones?

Answer 26

backwards travel of action potentials causes sensory terminals to release neuropeptides that cause stimulation of other sensory terminals

Question 27

what is central sensitisation?

Answer 27

prolonged activation of a neurones leading to strengthening of a synapse, leading to responses to innocuous stimuli

Question 28

how might neuromas occur?

Answer 28

damage of an axon causing degeneration, however regrowth occurs causing inappropriate linkages between axons

Question 29

what are symptoms of neuromas?

Answer 29

they cause shooting pains and hyperalgesia and allodynia

Question 30

how can pain responses be modified?

Answer 30

endogenous analgesia system modified using endocannabanoid system, supplementation using drugs such as opioids and inhibitory connection between A beta and C fibres