Neuropathology

Question 1

how many cranial nerves are there?

Answer 1

12 nerves

Question 2

how many spinal nerves are there?

Answer 2

31 pairs

Question 3

how is information passed from spinal cord to brain?

Answer 3

via ascending pathways

Question 4

how is information passed from brain to peripheral nervous system?

Answer 4

via descending pathways

Question 5

where about are sensory signals sent?

Answer 5

towards the brain

Question 6

where about are motor signals sent?

Answer 6

to the peripheral nervous system in response to a signal

Question 7

what is white matter?

Answer 7

myelinated nerve fibres

Question 8

what is grey matter?

Answer 8

nerve bodies, dendrites, neuralgia and unmyelinated axons

Question 9

what kind of matter is in the spinal cord?

Answer 9

grey and white matter

Question 10

what is the dorsal horn?

Answer 10

afferent sensory roots and ganglia

Question 11

what is the ventral horn?

Answer 11

efferent motor roots

Question 12

what is 6th nerve palsy?

Answer 12

controls muscle control on outside of the eye

Question 13

what are examples of CNS disorders?

Answer 13

alzheimers, epilipsy, strokes, parkinsons

Question 14

what is the prosencephalon?

Answer 14

the forebrain

Question 15

what is the mesencephalon?

Answer 15

midbrain

Question 16

what is the rhombencephalon?

Answer 16

hindbrain

Question 17

what is the brainstem responsible for?

Answer 17

autonomic survival functions

Question 18

what is the medulla responsible for?

Answer 18

controls heartbeat and breathing and receives sensory inputs

Question 19

what nerves does the MO output too?

Answer 19

cranial nerves VIII - XII

Question 20

where is the pons located?

Answer 20

above the medulla

Question 21

what does the pons contain?

Answer 21

transverse axons that connect the right and left cerebellum

Question 22

how does the pons regulate breathing?

Answer 22

contains pneumotaxic and apneuestic areas

Question 23

what cranial nerves does the pons contain?

Answer 23

V - VIII

Question 24

what is the role of the reticular formation?

Answer 24

widespread connections such as arousal of the brain as a whole and responding to visual and audio signals

Question 25

what is the reticular activating system?

Answer 25

maintains consciousness and alertness

Question 26

where is the thalamus located?

Answer 26

top of the brainstem

Question 27

what is the role of the thalamus?

Answer 27

receives messages the sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits to cerebellum and medulla

Question 28

what is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 28

helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance

Question 29

what is the function of the limbic system?

Answer 29

deals with basic drives, emotions and memory

Question 30

what areas does the limbic system consist of?

Answer 30

hypothalamus, pituitary, amygdala and hippocampus

Question 31

where is limbic system located?

Answer 31

below the thalamus

Question 32

what is the role of the limbic system?

Answer 32

governs endocrine system via pituitary gland

Question 33

what is the hippocampus responsible for?

Answer 33

memory processing

Question 34

what is amygdala responsible for?

Answer 34

fight and flight as linked to emotion and fear

Question 35

what does the amygdala look like?

Answer 35

2 almond shaped clusters

Question 36

what emotions are regulated by hypothalamus?

Answer 36

hunger, thirst, body temperature, pleasure

Question 37

what are the different lobes of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 37

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

Question 38

what are the functions of frontal lobe?

Answer 38

motor actions

Question 39

what is the function of parietal lobe?

Answer 39

sensory cortex

Question 40

what is the function of the occipital lobe?

Answer 40

visual cortex, receive information from visual field

Question 41

what is the function of temporal lobe?

Answer 41

auditory cortex

Question 42

what does the central sulcus separate?

Answer 42

frontal and parietal lobe

Question 43

what is aphasia?

Answer 43

impairment of language usually due to damage in Brocas area and Wernickes area

Question 44

what is Brocas area?

Answer 44

area to the left frontal lobe that directs muscle movement and speech

Question 45

what is Wernicke's area?

Answer 45

area to left temporal lobe controlling comprehension and expression

Question 46

what is the corpus collosum?

Answer 46

bundle of nerve fibres connecting two hemispheres

Question 47

what does the left side of the brain control?

Answer 47

language, detail and literal meanings

Question 48

what does the right side of the brain control?

Answer 48

spatial perception, overall picture, contexts

Question 49

what is contra-lateral division of labour?

Answer 49

right hemisphere controls left side of body and vice versa

Question 50

what is a callotomy?

Answer 50

cutting through the corpus callosum

Question 51

what is sensation?

Answer 51

CNS receiving inputs via sensory neurons

Question 52

what is perception?

Answer 52

brain interprets sensory information

Question 53

what is absolute threshold?

Answer 53

minimum stimulation needed to detect a stimulus with 50% accuracy

Question 54

what is subliminal stimulation?

Answer 54

it is below threshold yet may effect behaviour without conscious awareness

Question 55

what is sensory adaptation?

Answer 55

diminished sensitivity to an unchanging stimulus

Question 56

what kind of stimulus is vision?

Answer 56

electromagnetic

Question 57

what kind of stimulus is hearing?

Answer 57

mechanical

Question 58

what part of the body controls taste?

Answer 58

gustatory insular cortex

Question 59

what part of the body regulates smell?

Answer 59

olfactory bulb and orbifrontal cortex