CVD

Question 1

What are the modifiable risk factors for CVD?

Answer 1

Diet, smoking, alcohol, physical inactivity, stress, hypertension, diabetes

Question 2

normal range for total cholesterol?

Answer 2

5mmol/L or less

Question 3

What does a cardioprotective diet include?

Answer 3

For use in primary and secondary prevention
Total fat intake is 30% or less of total energy intake
Saturated fats 7% or less of total energy intake
Dietary cholesterol <300mg/day
Whole grains
5 portions fruit and veg per day
4/5 portions unsalted nuts,seeds and legumes per week
Replace SFAs with PUFA and MUFA
2 portions oily fish a week

Question 4

What is a Portfolio Diet

Answer 4

Food with cholesterol lowering effect
14-23g almonds daily
1g plant sterols daily
22.5g soya portion daily
10g soluble fibre per 1000kcals
Low saturated fats
Low dietary cholesterol
5-10 portions fruit vegetables and pulses

Question 5

What is a DASH diet

Answer 5

Hypertension

High in fruit and veg
Low fat dairy
Wholegrain cereals
Nuts and seeds
Restrict saturated fat and refined sugar
Increased consumption of potassium, magnesium,calcium, fibre and protein

Question 6

What is a Mediterranean diet

Answer 6

Fruit, vegetables
Nuts, seeds, legumes
Fish
Olive oil
Low consumption red meat
Moderate consumption of dairy
Moderate red wine consumption

Question 7

What is the Nordic diet

Answer 7

Shown to reduce LDL cholesterol

High in plant based foods - whole grains, root vegetables (carrots, beets, potatoes)
Healthy fats - rapeseed oil instead of butter, fatty fish (salmon, herring, mackerel), nuts and seeds
Moderate animal products - lean meats, dairy in moderation
Low in processed - limited refined sugars and refined grains, minimal processed meats and fast food

Question 8

What information would you consider in your A-F assessment for someone with or at risk of CVD?

Answer 8

Anthropometry -
- aim for BMI 18-25kg/m2
- aim for waist circumference <102cm/90cm in men and <88cm/80cm in women
Biochemistry -
- total cholesterol
- triglycerides
- HDL/LDL cholesterol
Clinical -
- blood pressure
- lipid medication
- hypertension medication
- heart attack, stroke, angina
Dietary -
- portions of fish, its, pulses, fruit and veg
- types of fat
- amount of salt
- alcohol
Environmental -
- exercise levels
- smoking status
- barriers and facilitators

Question 9

Dyslipidaemia

Answer 9

Yellowish deposit of cholesterol underneath skin usually around eyelids
Associated with LDL levels